杭州桑拿网论坛|杭州品茶网论坛|杭州夜生活网论坛

Reporter Xia Jieyi Intern reporter Wei Zhaoyang

In June 2023, Li Li, a nurse from Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital (hereinafter referred to as "Stomatological Hospital"), received a notice from the hospital asking her to sign a resignation application. Lily feels expect the unexpected. She has worked in this hospital for three years, and hopes that she can continue to work. What makes Li Li feel suddenly is, "Party A in this resignation agreement is a property management company, which I have never heard of. At that time, the hospital leaders said that after signing this resignation agreement, they would give us a re-examination and solve the problem of turning positive. I didn’t think much and signed it immediately. "

Li Li told this magazine that she saw the recruitment announcement issued by the Stomatological Hospital in the second half of 2020. After registration, she passed the written test and interview and became a nurse in this public top three stomatological hospital. The examiner in the interview was the dean of the Stomatological Hospital at that time. She never knew there was another property company. Looking back now, the only thing that feels a little strange is that she didn’t remember signing any contracts when she joined the company. But in this Li Li’s past employment experience, it seems that it is not a big flaw. Before Li Li worked in a private dental clinic, there was no labor contract signed there. Moreover, she found out that some older nurses in stomatological hospitals did not have labor contracts.

What’s more, after joining the company, she was satisfied with the working environment of the hospital and felt that the working atmosphere was simple. "Every day, I came to work, and the cooperation with doctors was also very tacit, and there was no interpersonal problem." Compared with other public general hospitals, the working hours here are reasonable and the work intensity is not high, from eight to five. After working for three years, Li Li’s monthly income can basically reach six or seven thousand yuan, which is a good treatment in third-tier cities.

"I am very proud and cherish being a nurse in a top three hospital." Li Li said that three other nurses interviewed by Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital also expressed similar feelings. The only thing that makes the nurses feel the fly in the ointment is that the hospital has never paid them five insurances and one gold. "The old nurse in the hospital said that this is the rule here, so we will wait until it turns positive."

Li Li’s so-called "regularization" refers to signing a formal labor contract directly with the hospital. In the recruitment announcement issued in 2020, the oral hospital’s rhetoric about the treatment of nurses was vague: "Stomatologist posts enjoy the salary of Hohhot institutions and five insurances and one gold, while other posts are treated according to academic qualifications and other conditions." It has been Li Li’s expectation for three years to become a formal contract worker and enjoy the same salary as the staff. However, in June 2023, after she and more than 40 nurses signed the resignation application according to the requirements of the hospital, they failed to wait for the news of "turning positive", but waited for the notice of the hospital that "the contract will not be renewed when it expires".

The hospital told the nurses whose contracts expired that they were actually employees of Lido Property in Inner Mongolia, a third-party labor dispatch company hired by the hospital, and because the cooperation relationship between the hospital and the company was terminated, the nurses automatically "resigned". Subsequently, the hospital signed a temporary labor contract with the nurses. According to the contract, nurses can continue to work in the hospital until December 31, 2023, and they must leave when a new batch of recruited nurses enter the job.

Most of these nurses joined in 2020, but there are also some old employees who have worked for 5 years and 8 years, including many lactating mothers and pregnant women. They not only spent the growth period of rapid performance growth with the hospital, but also experienced the test of epidemic situation for 3 years. "I remember sending us to the community site for support in February 2022. On that day, it was MINUS 10 degrees Celsius, and the snow was very thick. We stood in the outdoor tent, repeatedly applying disinfectant and collecting nucleic acid, and our hands were frozen purple and unconscious. A colleague also fell into the problem of shaking hands, which has not been good so far. When the infection tide broke out in Hohhot, we were sent to the shelter for three months. In order to track the positive patients regularly, we often got up in the early morning to collect nucleic acids, and we could only sleep for three or four hours every day. Because of mental stress and lack of rest, a pregnant colleague also gave birth, and we were all heartbroken. During the epidemic prevention and control period, the hospital promised that we would solve the problem of turning positive when we came back. Why is it all different now? " Li Li felt cheated and thought that the reason why the hospital let them leave was unreasonable. She decided to ask the hospital for an explanation with other nurses.

Are nurses employees of a third-party labor dispatch company? On this point, both sides hold their own words. The hospital’s president, Da Mou, said that the nurses signed a labor contract with Lido Property Company in Inner Mongolia when they joined the company, and the hospital kept the contract evidence. Damou admitted that since the nurses joined the company, the property company has never paid five insurances and one gold. "We will urge them (the property company) to solve the problem as soon as possible, and the compensation will be compensated."

Several interviewed nurses told us that the so-called contract signed with the property management company was a contract with blank and unknown content after the hospital asked them to sign the resignation application in June 2023. After the resignation dispute, they obtained a copy of the contract from the hospital and found that Party A wrote "Lido Property Company in Inner Mongolia" and Party B’s post said "Care Worker". Nurses think that this is the hospital’s "stealing the column", and "our nurse’s practice certificates are all registered in the stomatological hospital. How can we change from nurses to nursing workers?"

Why did you end the employment of these nurses? Dean Damou explained that these oral nurses who were forced to leave their jobs were indeed "outstanding" in their usual work performance, and it was not easy to cultivate them. However, last year, the Hohhot Municipal Health and Wellness Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Health and Wellness Committee") issued a regulation for all affiliated hospitals, requiring nurses who participated in the open recruitment examination to have a bachelor’s degree or above. "At that time, the nurses took part in the examination, which was not a formal examination organized by the hospital and controlled by the Health and Health Commission, but was organized by the property management company … We are also a tertiary hospital now, and people entering tertiary hospitals are required to take the examination. Most of these nurses are junior college and secondary school students. After the promulgation of the new regulations last year, it is a bit difficult for them to turn positive. "

According to the hospital, the relationship between these nurses and the hospital is labor dispatch rather than labor. According to the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch issued by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, China, employers can only use dispatched workers in temporary, auxiliary or alternative jobs; The duration shall not exceed 6 months, and the number of dispatched workers used by the employing unit shall not exceed 10% of its total employment. A lawyer who has served as a legal adviser to several hospitals and handled similar labor disputes told this magazine that nurses belong to the core position of the main business of hospitals and cannot be regarded as temporary, auxiliary or alternative positions. In addition, most of the nurses employed by Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital have worked for more than three years, accounting for nearly 17% of the total staff.

Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital, formerly known as "Hohhot Stomatological Hospital", was founded in 1985. It is located near the South Second Ring Road in Yuquan District, Hohhot, in the east of the First Hospital of Hohhot. It is a four-storey blue-and-white building, which is not very eye-catching, with only more than 230 employees in the hospital. Li Li remembers that when she was a student, this stomatological hospital was not well-known among nurses, and all the students from junior colleges went to large public general hospitals with better pay.

Six or seven years ago, Hohhot Stomatological Hospital embarked on the fast lane of rapid development. In 2017, it was approved as the "core unit of the National Center for Clinical Medicine of Stomatology", and passed the top three evaluation in December 2018, becoming the only public top three stomatological hospital in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and was awarded the excellent performance appraisal unit of municipal institutions in the next year. According to the official website information of the hospital, the business volume of the hospital increased by 631.4% in 2020 compared with that in 2012. In the performance appraisal of the national tertiary public hospitals in that year, Hohhot Stomatological Hospital ranked 28th in the national tertiary public stomatological hospital.

Perhaps due to the rapid growth of business volume, Hohhot Stomatological Hospital started a wave of large-scale recruitment. According to its WeChat official account information, the hospital issued five recruitment announcements from 2018 to 2020, recruiting dozens of medical staff. At that time, nursing education only required junior college. Most of the nurses who were forced to "leave" this time entered the hospital in two large-scale recruitment in 2020.

Li Li was born in the countryside around Hohhot. Her father was a truck driver, her mother was a housewife, and her parents’ education level was less than junior high school. Li Li followed her parents to work in the city since she was a child, lived a poor life and rented a house. Her primary school and junior high school were both studying in Hohhot, but because she failed to settle down in the city, the senior high school had to go back to the county near her hometown to study, and in 2016, she was admitted to a junior college nursing major in Inner Mongolia.

Li Li chose nursing major at that time because of "good employment". According to the statistics of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (now the National Health and Hygiene Commission), by the end of 2015, the total number of registered nurses in China was 3.241 million, and the national doctor-nurse ratio was only 1∶1.07, which just reached parity, and there was still a great gap in the demand for nurses. At that time, the qualifications of nurses were mainly secondary school students and junior college students, and nurses with bachelor degree or above only accounted for 14.6%. Nursing major is an excellent choice for rural children with low education like Li Li. "I don’t have to worry about finding a job, I can go to a big hospital, and my income is stable."

But when Li Li graduated in 2019, the situation in the job market has changed. "I have signed up for several public top three hospitals, and the competition is particularly fierce. Hundreds of people compete for several positions. The most exaggerated one even recruits 20 people with more than 3,000 people." Li Li took part in three or four written tests in public hospitals, but failed to make the shortlist, so she had to work in a private dental clinic first.

Rollin Wang, another nurse who joined in the same period, recalled that in 2020, there were more than 70 nurses recruited in two batches, and their life trajectories were very similar-most of them came from rural areas in Inner Mongolia or migrant workers’ families in Hohhot, and graduated from technical secondary schools or junior colleges. In addition to the fresh graduates, there are some former graduates who have been employed in private dental clinics and township health clinics, and signed up after seeing the recruitment information of stomatological hospitals. It was through this channel that Rollin Wang successfully passed the written examination and interview, and became a nurse in this public 3A stomatological hospital.

"I felt very lucky at the time." Rollin Wang said that among the college students in the same period, only about 10% were able to go to public 3A hospitals. Compared with large general hospitals, stomatological hospitals are not high in work intensity, and there are almost no night shifts; Compared with private clinics, nurses will not be assigned sales tasks, there is no performance pressure, and their positions are more stable.

Working in a stomatological hospital, Rollin Wang often stops for a whole day, but because she likes it, she seldom feels tired. Her job is mainly to clean and prepare instruments, and provide timely assistance to doctors according to patients’ different conditions. Years of four-handed operation (the work of stomatology needs doctors and nurses to work together) have formed a solid tacit understanding with doctors in departments. "Basically, I can predict the next operation of doctors, and I can know what they need with one look."

As the only public top three stomatological hospital in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, there are a lot of tourists here. Many nurses recalled that during the three-year epidemic, the traffic of stomatological hospitals was still growing, and many patients came from other counties and cities in the province. "After 8: 00 in the morning, it is difficult to get the number. The waiting room is full from morning till night, and the doctors in the outpatient department have to work overtime for an hour or two every day to finish reading it." In the second half of 2022, due to the outbreak of the epidemic in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the hospital stopped for about three months, but even so, Rollin Wang remembered that in 2022, the leader mentioned in his year-end speech that the hospital still made a profit of nearly 5 million, which was "rare among peers". Nurses recalled that during their work, their monthly performance income rose by nearly 1000 yuan every year.

Because they "cherish" this job, the nurses have been waiting patiently for the job. However, at the end of July and the beginning of August, 2023, Hohhot Stomatological Hospital passed the third-class review, and was upgraded from a municipal hospital to a provincial hospital, renamed "Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital". It was also around this time that the hospital leaders told the nurses that "the contract will not be renewed when it expires".

In October, 2023, Stomatological Hospital issued a new announcement on the selection of human resources service companies to undertake personnel recruitment and examination services. More than a month later, the hospital issued a recruitment announcement again, recruiting personnel with filing system, including 58 nurses, but requiring full-time undergraduate education or above. This made Li Li more worried about her future. She found it difficult to find another job as a nurse in a public hospital. "Most of our nurses are now in their 30s. I am old and the time has passed. I really don’t know where else to go. "

In the job market of nursing specialty, the water temperature has been changing. One of the most obvious changes is in the academic requirements.

After combing the recruitment announcements of contract staff in nine hospitals affiliated to the Health and Health Commission of Hohhot, we found that from 2014 to 2018, only one hospital required nurses to have a bachelor’s degree or above, but from 2019 to 2023, most hospitals upgraded the requirements of nurses’ academic qualifications to a bachelor’s degree, and the number of specialist registration positions was obviously limited. After 2023, all three hospitals that publish nurse recruitment information require a bachelor’s degree or above.

At the same time, the academic structure of nurses is also changing. According to the data of National Health Commission, in 2022, 30.4% of nurses in China had bachelor degree or above, while in 2015, only 14.6% had bachelor degree or above. The expansion of academic qualifications has brought about an overall rise in the hospital’s recruitment requirements for nurses. Many graduating nursing college students told this magazine that in the past two years, public top three hospitals in first-tier cities and provincial capitals have almost stopped recruiting college students. A college student in Guangzhou said: "In the past, three or four offer were randomly selected, but now the junior three can’t get in, and even the mental hospital in my hometown (Shantou) has to be an undergraduate."

A student from Fujian College told us that only 10% of the outstanding students in the class can find jobs in public top-three hospitals, and some students are diverted to ordinary public hospitals in small cities in the fourth and fifth lines, but half of them still failed to get an offer, and they were unsuccessful in exams in which thousands of people competed. Some students choose to continue to upgrade their academic qualifications, but cruelly, many hospitals will indicate in their recruitment announcements that they "do not accept undergraduate courses".

Some well-known hospitals have higher academic requirements for nursing staff than undergraduate courses. In November, 2023, the academic requirements for recruiting nursing staff in some positions in the Second Hospital of West China were Master’s degree, which caused public outcry. According to the data of official website of West China Second Hospital, as of December 2022, there were 1,600 nurses in the nursing department of the hospital, with a total of 1,295 undergraduate degrees, accounting for 81%; There are 107 graduate students, accounting for 7%, including 7 doctors.

In this dispute over nurses’ resignation, Da Mou, president of Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital, said that the Hohhot Health and Health Commission is taking the lead in solving the employment problem of these nurses, providing some posts in community hospitals, township health clinics and private stomatological clinics, and recommending nurses to compete for employment. However, many nurses said that they still want to continue to work in the stomatological hospital, which has both practical considerations and emotional needs. Rollin Wang expressed a sense of disappointment and anger at being abandoned: "We have survived the epidemic with the hospital and the top three review, but now we are forced to leave."

What puzzles these nurses who are caught in the resignation dispute is, is it true that their years of work experience in stomatology is not as valuable as their academic qualifications? Nurses are not "sophisticated" but more practical jobs. Should academic qualifications be used as a one-size-fits-all entry threshold?

Shao Dongsheng used to work in Beijing Stomatological Hospital, and now he is the director of Beijing Xinhe Dental Clinic, Prosthetic Department and Implant Department, with nearly 20 years’ experience. In his view, if a new nurse is not majoring in oral nursing or stomatology, but graduated from a general clinical major, it will take at least one to two years of training to become a qualified oral nurse: "A good oral nurse, you should know everything the doctor knows, the difference is that you can’t do it. Just say that pulling out a tooth, different dental conditions, what anesthetic to prepare, how much to use, what needles and instruments to use, you must be clear, you can’t wait for the doctor to say, otherwise it will prolong the tooth extraction time and aggravate the patient’s fear. "

Yuan Tian, a nurse who has worked in Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital for several years, is also one of the nurses who were forced to leave this time. After the contract expired, the hospital asked an experienced old nurse like her to stay for two more months and bring out the "new nurse". On one occasion, during tooth extraction, the patient swallowed and inhaled by mistake and went into anaphylactic shock. The new nurse was at a loss and almost missed the golden first aid time. "It’s just a work detail. It’s not easy to take a model for the patient, but it takes a long time to practice to take out a complete tooth model without making the patient sick and hurting his mouth."

In the interview with our reporter, many doctors in stomatology believe that the service level of nurses in this specialty is higher, and the service level is largely derived from the familiarity of the business, not the absolute level of education-the stomatology specialty requires doctors and nurses to operate with four hands, and the old nurses are familiar with the doctor’s treatment process and operating habits, but the new nurses are unfamiliar with the business, which will prolong the treatment time and reduce the sense of experience. "A very good nurse in our department is a college degree. After working here for five or six years, one person can top 10 people. When the doctor is busy, she will collect patients’ information and condition in advance, coordinate patients to go to different departments for examination, and give the most efficient plan according to the flow of people in the hospital. After the doctor finishes the treatment, she will also take the initiative to explain the precautions to the patient, and continue to observe and pay a return visit. But among young nurses nowadays, it is becoming more and more scarce to do this. " The chief physician of a public 3A stomatological hospital said.

China Hospital Talent Management and Discipline Management Committee is a think tank dedicated to the multi-dimensional connotation construction of hospitals. Its chairman Han Gendong and the nursing discipline health evaluation class Yang Mingying told this magazine that there are actually other solutions for experienced and outstanding medical staff with low academic qualifications, instead of repaying them across the board. Although in order to realize the positioning of "providing care for difficult and critically ill patients", the requirements of tertiary hospitals for nurses’ academic qualifications are generally higher, but for nurses with low academic qualifications who have been employed, they encourage hospitals to adopt the following strategies: "First, cooperate with relevant educational institutions to provide on-the-job education opportunities for medical staff with low academic qualifications, such as adult education, evening classes, self-study exams, etc.; Second, organize regular internal training, including professional knowledge, operational skills, communication skills and other content, to enhance their professional ability and comprehensive quality; Third, formulate appropriate professional title promotion policies to encourage low-educated medical staff to improve their own level. "

Damou, president of Inner Mongolia Stomatological Hospital, said that if nurses want to come back to work, the only way is to upgrade their academic qualifications and then participate in the open recruitment of hospitals. However, a "college-upgraded" nurse told this magazine that she had consulted the hospital personnel department about whether her education was qualified or not, but she was still rejected. "Personnel said that the first education must be a full-time undergraduate."

(At the request of the interviewee, Li Li, Rollin Wang and Yuan Tian are pseudonyms.)

　　In the autumn equinox, China ushered in the fifth China Farmers Harvest Festival.

　　On September 22nd, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, on behalf of the CPC Central Committee, extended festive congratulations and sincere condolences to farmers and comrades working on the front of agriculture, countryside and farmers.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that Party committees and governments at all levels should thoroughly implement the major policies and decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, strengthen food security, stabilize the basic agricultural sector, consolidate and expand the achievements in tackling poverty, solidly promote rural revitalization, and promote the realization of richer rural areas, happier lives and more beautiful rural areas. Farmers all over the country should actively participate in the practice of accelerating the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, so as to make life more prosperous and live in by going up one flight of stairs!

　　According to the latest data, China’s autumn grain area exceeded 1.3 billion mu this year, and 246 million mu has been harvested at present. Autumn grain is growing well in most parts of the country, especially corn, which accounts for more than half of autumn grain output, is generally better than last year.

　　In the past ten years, China has adhered to the road of connotative modern agricultural development, and promoted the transformation of agricultural development from relying on resource elements to innovation-driven, and agricultural modernization has reached a new level.

　　"Now farming is very worry-free. I planted 12 acres alone." Looking at the rows of rice, Ou Bingde, a villager in Tucheng Village, Yuduo Town, Qianxi City, Guizhou Province, was full of joy.

　　Old Europe’s "peace of mind" comes from the construction of high-standard farmland. In 2020, Yuduo Town built more than 2,000 mu of high-standard farmland, and leveled scattered fields and sloping fields into large fields and flat land. At the same time, flood drainage ditches and irrigation facilities were continuously improved, and tractor roads were repaired to the fields, and they were once again "alive" piecemeal.

　　In recent years, Guizhou has taken the construction of high-standard farmland as an important starting point to consolidate the foundation of modern agricultural development, accelerated agricultural modernization, turned grain fields into "fertile fields", and laid a solid foundation for stable grain production and food security.

　　"People don’t eat in the valley, and the valley is not born." At the end of 2020, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the Central Rural Work Conference that cultivated land should be protected like giant pandas.

　　△ Jilin Province is located in the world-famous "Golden Corn Belt" and "Golden Rice Belt". On September 8th, rice in Baicheng, Jilin Province was harvested mechanically.

　　Jilin Province has set up three core demonstration bases for the protection and utilization of 10,000 mu of black land, and Chenjiadian Village in Nong ‘an County is one of them. At present, patches of corn in the village are growing happily, waiting for the particles to return to the warehouse.

　　In Chenjiadian village, the surface of the crop straw was exposed after leaving the field, and the soil structure was destroyed by repeated ploughing … … Over time, not only the grain production is reduced, but also the burning of straw brings environmental pollution.

　　In order to increase grain yield, Chenjiadian Village has implemented no-tillage and sowing conservation tillage — — After the autumn harvest, straw mulching and returning to the field is equivalent to covering the black land with a quilt; Spring ploughing and direct sowing in the coming year will not only reduce wind erosion, but also enrich the soil fertility.

　　In addition, Jilin Province raised the subsidy standard for conservation tillage from 55 yuan to 70 yuan this year, with an implementation area of 30.5 million mu.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs introduced that since the beginning of this year, China has strengthened the construction of farmland infrastructure, vigorously promoted the protection and improvement of cultivated land fertility, and increased grain production capacity.

　　Cultivated land is the lifeblood of grain production. A series of effective measures have improved the level of cultivated land fertility and provided strong support for autumn grain production and harvest this year.

　　Sometimes, the harvest has arrived.

　　Harvesters and grain trucks shuttle back and forth in more than 1.2 million mu of corn fields in hua county, Anyang, Henan Province.

　　In the soybean-corn banded compound planting field in Etuokeqian Banner, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia, harvesters are busy working, harvesting, separating and threshing soybeans … … … …

　　"We should put the development of agricultural science and technology in a more prominent position, vigorously promote agricultural mechanization and intelligence, and insert the wings of science and technology into agricultural modernization." Four years ago, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader walked into the Sanjiang National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in Heilongjiang Beidahuang and sent a message to the vast number of agricultural scientific and technological personnel.

　　Today, the contribution rate of China’s agricultural science and technology progress has exceeded 61%. As an important driving force, science and technology have changed the traditional mode of production.

　　△ Staff of Huyang Smart Cycle Industrial Park in Lushan Township, Changxing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province are scanning the digital chips on the ears of Huyang cubs.

　　Lvshan Township, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province is "the hometown of China Huyang", and Huyang Smart Recycling Industrial Park is the main local Huyang breeding base. Relying on the intelligent management platform of Hu sheep, the technicians can know as well as how much feed a sheep eats and how much meat it grows in a day. There are 50,000 Hu sheep in the 320-mu breeding area, and 16 technicians can manage them.

　　Shuangmiao Village, Qiaolin Street, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, is an important vegetable producing area in the Yangtze River Delta. The plant factory here covers an area of 4,488 square meters, and only five people are needed to complete the long-term production work throughout the year. By means of hydroponics and intensive planting, the growth cycle of vegetables planted in the field for two months only takes more than 20 days, and the yield of the same area is more than 50 times higher than that planted in the field.

　　A small mobile phone can easily manage the watering and fertilization of hundreds of acres of land and raise thousands of sheep … … New technologies such as 5G, Internet of Things and even blockchain have blossomed in many fields.

　　Advanced science and technology, machinery and equipment and production methods are painting a happy new agricultural scene and playing a bumper harvest pastoral symphony on the vast countryside.

　　△ On September 19, in Yangchan Village, Shexian County, Anhui Province, villagers were drying crops in front of the tulou.

　　In the tulou group in Yangchan Village, Shexian County, Anhui Province, the villagers grabbed the fine weather and dried the crops — — Golden corn, orange pumpkin, light yellow walnut, fiery red pepper … … Presenting a colorful "autumn picture".

　　Based on the beautiful harvest, the agricultural tourism is deeply integrated, attracting more and more tourists to enter the countryside.

　　In Zhanqi Village, Chengdu, Sichuan, the western Sichuan dwellings with white walls and blue tiles are patchwork, and sightseeing in car ferry shuttles.

　　In the online service hall of the characteristic industry of "Wonderful Battle Flag", many tourists are buying agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts. On the eve of the Spring Festival in 2018, when General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Zhanqi Village, he asked the inheritor of Tang Chang’s shoe-making skills how to make handmade shoes and bought a pair of handmade shoes.

　　Tianfu Farming Culture Museum, Yili Old Street and the 18th Square in the countryside have become popular tourist attractions in rural areas. Pixian watercress, round root radish and other special products are deeply loved by the market, and "Sichuan Zhanqi Rural Revitalization Training College" has attracted a large number of students … … In 2021, Zhanqi Village received about 1.06 million tourists, achieving a tourism income of 46.69 million yuan, and embarked on a revitalization road of collective economic appreciation, agricultural production increase and farmers’ income increase.

　　△ The children carried out research activities at the Smart Farm in Tayuanzhuang Village, Zhengding, Hebei Province.

　　Tayuanzhuang, Zhengding, Hebei, is located on the Hutuo River.

　　Four seasons picking garden, green agricultural products in smart farm, automatic production line in central kitchen, and tourism formats such as research and experience, modern agriculture has given Tayuanzhuang a new vitality.

　　Nine years ago, when General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited here, he emphasized that agriculture should be industrialized, old-age care should be marketized and tourism should be standardized.

　　In 2019, the collective annual income of Tayuanzhuang Village exceeded 20 million yuan and entered a well-off society ahead of schedule.

　　Tayuanzhuang didn’t stop there. In 2020, the Tayuanzhuang Tongfu Rural Revitalization Demonstration Park with a total investment of 2 billion yuan was completed, which promoted the deep integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, the continuous extension and improvement of the industrial chain, the rapid development of related industries, and a new path of rural revitalization with pastoral gold became clearer.

　　"It is conditional to expand the space for industrial value-added and efficiency-enhancing through the whole industrial chain and create more opportunities for employment and income increase." The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that it is necessary to actively develop the agricultural product processing industry, optimize the industrial layout, promote the transformation of rural areas from selling original brand names to selling finished products, and leave more value-added income in the county.

　　In order to improve the employment and entrepreneurship support policies and attract migrant workers, college graduates, retired military personnel and scientific and technological personnel to innovate and start businesses in rural areas, China has built more than 2,200 rural innovation and entrepreneurship parks and incubation training bases, with a total of 11.2 million people returning home to innovate and start businesses.

　　At present, more than 8,000 agricultural industrialization consortia have been cultivated and established nationwide, which has improved the interest linkage mechanism, broadened the channels for farmers to obtain employment and increase income, and made agriculture a promising industry.

　　The heavy harvest is written on the land of China and reflected in the hearts of villagers.

　　"the five grains are ripe, and the family is full." Colorful farming culture condenses the surging power of Chinese civilization, and the struggling Chinese children make agriculture glow with vitality in the new era.

　　Chief Producer Qian Wei Wang Shanshan

　　Producer: Ou Zhang

　　Producer Xing Lai

　　Editor-in-Chief Ning Lili

　　Editor Yang Caiyun

　　Visual sense Jiang yuhang

　　Proofread Cheng Yu

In July this year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued a notice on the creation of agricultural modernization demonstration zones, and organized all localities to declare the creation of demonstration zones. On the basis of local declaration, expert evaluation and social publicity, a list of agricultural modernization demonstration zones in 2021 was formed, which was recently issued in the name of three departments. The reporter interviewed the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on the establishment of the agricultural modernization demonstration zone.

Q: Building an agricultural modernization demonstration zone is a strategic plan made by the State Council, the CPC Central Committee. Could you please talk about the background and significance of the creation?

A:After building a well-off society in an all-round way, China has embarked on a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, and the focus of the work on agriculture, rural areas and farmers has historically shifted to comprehensively promoting rural revitalization. This is a great turning point in the work of agriculture, countryside and farmers, and we should adapt to this change in ideas, concepts and methods. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has repeatedly stressed that without agricultural modernization, rural prosperity and prosperity, and farmers living and working in peace and contentment, national modernization is incomplete, incomplete and unstable. Promoting agricultural modernization is a long-term task and a process of continuous reform and innovation. It is necessary to build a demonstration zone for agricultural modernization, explore the promotion mechanism and effective ways, accumulate experience and find a way out.

The first is to explore the development model of agricultural modernization. China has a vast territory, and the situation varies widely from place to place, so it is impossible to promote agricultural modernization across the board and quick march. To create a demonstration area of agricultural modernization, we must cultivate a number of model areas by regions and types based on local resource endowments, industrial characteristics and economic and social development conditions, explore differentiated and characteristic development models of agricultural modernization, form a set of representative and replicable construction paths, policy frameworks and evaluation methods, and demonstrate and lead the accelerated development of agricultural and rural modernization in similar areas.

The second is to explore the support of agricultural modernization factors. Promoting agricultural modernization is inseparable from real money investment, which requires both government financial support and social capital participation. To establish a demonstration area of agricultural modernization, we must meet the requirements of the target modernization, give play to the role of financial funds, incite all kinds of social capital investment, and continuously introduce advanced factors such as people, land and money into modern agriculture to form a long-term mechanism for sustainable development.

The third is to explore an effective mechanism for promoting agricultural modernization. In the process of tackling poverty, we have explored and formed a set of effective policy systems, institutional systems and working systems, and formed extensive mobilization capabilities, which provided strong support for winning the fight against poverty. Promoting agricultural modernization is also inseparable from the extensive participation and joint efforts of all sectors of society. To create a demonstration area of agricultural modernization, we must establish an agricultural modernization work system that is promoted by the government, linked up and down, and supported by the society, focusing on key areas and key links, and constantly grasping them.

The fourth is to explore the realization path of agricultural modernization driving rural modernization. The problem of farmers in agriculture and rural areas is an inseparable whole, and agricultural modernization and rural modernization are also inseparable. To create a demonstration area of agricultural modernization, we must plan agricultural modernization and rural modernization as a whole, design and promote them as a whole, and make efforts to explore the optimization of industrial layout, infrastructure connectivity, public services and other aspects first, so as to achieve the effect of mutual promotion and effective linkage.

Q: This year, Document No.1 of the Central Committee proposed that about 500 agricultural modernization demonstration zones should be established by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan. Excuse me, what are the considerations for the construction objectives and layout of the demonstration area?

A:In recent years, various localities have actively promoted the development of agricultural modernization, and a number of typical counties and cities with sound industrial system, perfect technology and equipment, active business entities and green and safe products have emerged, which have become the pioneering areas leading the national agricultural modernization. To implement the requirements of the central government’s deployment, it is necessary to establish agricultural modernization demonstration zones with counties as units and form a pattern of promoting agricultural modernization step by step.

In terms of the construction target, this year is the first year of establishment. The first batch will be 100, roughly 3-4 in a province, and strive to create about 500 by 2025. According to the idea of overall balance and giving consideration to all parties, we have designed basic indicators, policy indicators and competitive indicators. Among them, the basic indicators highlight the inclusiveness and ensure that there is at least one creation indicator in all localities. Policy indicators focus on ensuring the strategic orientation of national food security, adding one indicator to each of the 10 major grain-producing provinces such as Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong and Jiangsu. Competitive indicators are selected by competition, which will be comprehensively selected nationwide and created on the basis of merit.

In the direction of creation, this year, priority will be given to counties (cities) with good basic conditions, and key support will be given to the establishment of agricultural modernization demonstration zones in the project locations such as advantageous industrial clusters, national modern agricultural industrial parks, and national rural industrial integration development demonstration parks. Starting from next year, we can gradually broaden the scope and choose counties (cities) with sufficient potential for agricultural modernization, large space, high enthusiasm of local governments and strong support, thus forming a situation of step-by-step creation and orderly construction.

In terms of construction layout, regional differences, development level and other factors should be considered as a whole, and agricultural modernization demonstration zones should be built by districts and classifications. In the northeast plain, Huang Huai Hai plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and other major grain producing areas, a number of demonstration areas focusing on the grain industry will be created. In the hilly and mountainous areas in the south and the areas with advantageous agricultural products, we will create a number of demonstration areas focusing on advantageous and characteristic industries. In the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities and developed coastal areas in the east, a number of demonstration areas focusing on urban agriculture and smart agriculture will be created. Create a number of demonstration areas focusing on efficient dry farming in the ecologically fragile areas such as the northwest, the areas along the Great Wall and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In poverty-stricken areas, create a number of demonstration areas focusing on "small but refined" characteristic industries.

Q: We understand that the list of agricultural modernization demonstration zones in 2021 has just been published. Excuse me, what are the requirements for entering the demonstration area of the list, and what is the procedure for creating accreditation?

A:Judging from the work situation, all localities are very enthusiastic about declaring the establishment of agricultural modernization demonstration zones. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, and the National Development and Reform Commission insist on choosing the best among the best, highlighting key industries and key regions, and moderately tilting to the founding units that declare the grain industry and the "small but refined" characteristic industries in poverty-stricken areas. The demonstration areas entering the list generally have the following characteristics:

First, the production base is good. The agricultural production structure is optimized, and the advantages of leading industries are obvious, basically forming a production structure of overall planning of grain, farming, animal husbandry and fishery.

Second, the equipment level is high. The proportion of farmland with high standard for drought and flood protection is relatively high, the infrastructure such as farmland water conservancy, field roads and agricultural electricity consumption is relatively perfect, the mechanism of agricultural science and technology innovation and popularization and application is initially established, the level of agricultural mechanization is relatively high, and digital technology is widely used.

Third, the industrial chain is basically sound. A number of large-scale standardized agricultural product production bases have been built, with strong agricultural product processing capacity, logistics facilities taking shape, relatively complete industrial chain and high industrial concentration and integration level.

Fourth, the management system is relatively complete. The socialized service system is relatively sound, and the development quality of new business entities such as family farms and farmers’ cooperatives is relatively high, with a high level of intensification, specialization and organization, and small farmers are well connected with modern agriculture.

Fifth, the agricultural environment is friendly. The concept of green development runs through the whole process of agricultural modernization. Agricultural production is clean, the level of waste resource utilization is high, resource-saving and environment-friendly technologies are widely used, and green transformation and ecological development are basically realized.

Sixth, policy support is strong. Local governments are highly motivated and supportive, and have formulated innovative and practical policies and measures in land security, financial services, scientific and technological innovation and application, talent support, and county-level urban-rural integration.

In the accreditation procedure, we will carry out the accreditation in three steps according to the requirements of "creating before accreditation, strict evaluation and dynamic management". The first step is to select the list of agricultural modernization demonstration zones according to the procedure of "county-level government application, provincial-level department selection, provincial-level government approval and central department approval", and the current 100 counties (cities, districts) are the first list. In the second step, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission shall, in accordance with the conditions for creation, organize a review and confirmation of the applicant’s creation unit every two years, and those who pass the review will be awarded the title of "National Agricultural Modernization Demonstration Zone Creation Unit". The third step, if the founding unit of the National Agricultural Modernization Demonstration Zone has achieved the standard of basically realizing agricultural modernization through hard work, it will be awarded the title of "National Agricultural Modernization Demonstration Zone" after acceptance.

Q: Agricultural modernization is rich in connotation and constantly changes with economic and social development, technological progress and productivity improvement. Excuse me, what aspects will the demonstration area focus on during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period to carry out the pilot test first?

A:Agricultural modernization has its inherent development laws and fundamental requirements. The 14th Five-Year Plan for Promoting Agricultural and Rural Modernization, just issued by the State Council, puts forward the train of thought, objectives and key tasks of agricultural modernization. At present and for a period of time to come, the demonstration area should aim at these objectives, tasks and work requirements, find a correct position, make a clear direction, focus on key points and make continuous progress.

First, strengthen the construction of facilities and equipment, and demonstrate and lead the agricultural facilities. Efforts will be made to improve the conditions of farmland facilities, strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland, and build irrigation and drainage facilities, greenhouses and other facilities to improve the utilization efficiency of water and soil resources. Promote the mechanization of the whole production process, accelerate the promotion of intelligent high-end duplex machinery, promote the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, facilities and equipment and breeding technology, and take the lead in the comprehensive mechanization of agriculture. Improve the cold chain logistics facilities of agricultural products, speed up the construction of facilities and equipment such as cleaning and grading, sorting and packaging, preservation and drying, and refrigerated transportation of agricultural products, and speed up the construction of a cold chain logistics network for storage and preservation that connects all aspects of production, processing and circulation.

The second is to promote the development of industrial agglomeration and demonstrate and lead agricultural parks. Optimize industrial layout, rationally plan production, processing, logistics, research and development and other functional sectors, and build a development pattern of "one county, one industry, one special park and multiple parks in groups". Innovate the operation mode, guide capital, talents, science and technology, information, land and other factors to gather in the park, and attract leading enterprises and supporting enterprises to concentrate in the park, forming a development model of "leading enterprises driving, supporting enterprises driving, industrial clusters linkage, and service departments promoting". Improve supporting services, focus on building public service platforms such as technology research and development, information sharing, inspection and testing, logistics and distribution, reduce enterprise costs and cultivate a good business environment.

The third is to build an industrial chain and demonstrate and lead agricultural integration. Cultivate multi-integration subjects, develop and expand family farms and farmers’ cooperatives, and support agricultural industrialization consortia led by leading enterprises, followed by family farms and farmers’ cooperatives, and widely participated by small farmers. Develop multi-type integration formats, develop primary processing, intensive processing and comprehensive utilization of by-products of agricultural products, promote the deep integration of agriculture with pastoral scenery, local culture, health care experience and sightseeing, and cultivate new industries and formats in rural areas. Innovate the multi-mode interest integration mechanism, guide the new agricultural business entities to establish a close interest linkage mechanism with small farmers, and promote the modes of "order acquisition+dividend", "farmers’ shareholding+guaranteed income+dividend by share" so that farmers can share more value-added benefits of the secondary and tertiary industries.

The fourth is to develop eco-circular agriculture and demonstrate and lead the greening of agriculture. Highlight environmental friendliness, strengthen the control of agricultural non-point source pollution, and innovate and demonstrate in the scientific use of agricultural inputs, promote the reduction and efficiency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and recycle agricultural wastes. Highlight ecological protection, strengthen agricultural ecological protection and restoration, build pastoral ecology, promote agricultural emission reduction and carbon sequestration, cultivate green and low-carbon agricultural industrial chain and enhance the value of agricultural ecological products. Highlight quality and safety, promote variety cultivation, quality improvement, brand building and standardized production, strengthen quality and safety supervision of agricultural products, and increase the supply of green and high-quality agricultural products.

The fifth is to accelerate the development of smart agriculture and demonstrate and lead agricultural digitalization. Strengthen the construction of information facilities, rationally deploy 5G and mobile Internet, and promote the intelligent transformation of agricultural water conservancy, logistics, processing and other facilities. Innovatively apply digital technology to promote the digital construction of the whole industrial chain such as agricultural production, processing, transportation, warehousing and trading. Set up digital application scenarios, explore the construction of intelligent animal husbandry, intelligent fishery, digital pastoral, etc., and promote the integration of agricultural production and management and informationization.

Q: It is necessary to gather resources and strength to create a demonstration area of agricultural modernization. Excuse me, what specific support measures will the relevant state departments take in the next step?

A:Compared with the rapid industrialization, informationization and urbanization, China’s agricultural and rural modernization has obviously failed to keep up, and the problem of "one leg is long and the other leg is short" is more prominent. In order to basically realize the "synchronization of the four modernizations" in three five years, agricultural modernization must catch up and speed up the short-board and short-leg, which requires strengthening the guarantee of creating factors in agricultural modernization demonstration zones.

First, make good use of existing capital projects. Coordinate and integrate the national modern agricultural industrial park, industrial clusters with advantages and characteristics, and the project funds for strengthening the town with agricultural industry, and focus on supporting the construction of demonstration areas. Under the premise of controllable risks, the qualified public welfare construction projects in the demonstration area will be included in the scope of local government bond support, and actively support all localities to use the land transfer income or income for the construction of the demonstration area.

The second is to guide financial institutions to support. Actively coordinate commercial banks, policy banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions, carry out financial docking demonstration zone activities, promote the tilt of credit funds and specialty agricultural products insurance to the demonstration zone, and increase medium and long-term credit support for investment and financing of agricultural and rural infrastructure in the demonstration zone.

The third is to encourage social capital investment. Give full play to the role of government investment funds, guide incubation, growth and innovative social capital investment projects, and support the construction of demonstration areas. Innovative use of PPP, industrial funds and other market-oriented means to attract social capital to build storage cold chain logistics, livestock manure resource utilization and other facilities. Encourage leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization to carry out docking and investment with demonstration areas.

The fourth is to strengthen technical support. Establish a technical cooperation mechanism between scientific research institutions and demonstration areas, set up expert technical teams, and carry out technical training to help demonstration areas solve specific difficulties in building industrial chains. Guide agricultural high-tech enterprises and scientific and technological innovation alliances to settle in demonstration areas, and promote the demonstration and application of new varieties, technologies and equipment.

Q: This year, the establishment of the agricultural modernization demonstration zone started. Excuse me, how to strengthen overall planning and coordination to ensure that all the work of creating agricultural modernization demonstration zones is carried out in detail?

A:The construction of agricultural modernization demonstration zone is a long-term systematic project, and it is also a process of continuous reform and innovation. We must improve the working mechanism, refine the practical promotion measures, and promote the construction of demonstration areas to achieve practical results.

The first is to grasp organizational leadership. Strengthen departmental communication and coordination, actively formulate support policies, and increase guidance services. Promote provincial departments to establish follow-up guidance, policy support, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Implement the main responsibilities of counties and cities, formulate a list of creation work, focus on key points, gather strength, and pragmatically and effectively promote the creation of demonstration areas.

The second is to create a design. Guide all localities to base themselves on the local development reality, clearly put forward the ideas, functional orientation and development goals of the demonstration area, systematically put forward specific tasks to promote agricultural modernization, plan a number of key construction projects in the demonstration area in depth, and scientifically formulate the "timetable" and "road map" for construction.

The third is to monitor and evaluate. At present, relevant departments are studying and formulating opinions on monitoring and evaluation of agricultural modernization demonstration zones, considering carrying out monitoring and evaluation of demonstration zone construction every year, regularly tracking the progress of dispatching demonstration zones, summarizing and analyzing the construction progress, work effectiveness and existing problems in time, and playing the role of "baton" in monitoring and evaluation.

The fourth is to grasp demonstration and promotion. Focusing on the development of grain industry, dominant and characteristic industries, urban agriculture, smart agriculture and high-efficiency dry farming, we will timely summarize and explore a number of typical cases with regional characteristics and clear directions, comprehensively use traditional media and new media, publicize and promote good practices and experiences in demonstration areas, and create a good social atmosphere.

　　[Engine Technology] How to reduce fuel consumption? This problem is believed to be one of the performance parameters that many car companies and consumers are most concerned about. Indeed, lower fuel consumption can allow consumers to enjoy technology while also having a lower car cost. Whether it is new energy or various new engine technologies, many of them are born in pursuit of economy. So in this era when automobile engine technologies are in full bloom, it seems that they also have their own set of methods to "reduce engine consumption". How did they do it? Today, let’s take a brief look at Chery’s new 1.5T engine code-named SQRE4T15B.

　　First of all, about the detailed introduction of this engine, we will carry out the following details such as engine disassembly in the future. Today, let’s talk about a concept: thermal efficiency. What is thermal efficiency? Does an engine with high thermal efficiency necessarily have high output? In fact, in the engine theory, thermal efficiency generally refers to the ratio of mechanical energy converted by the engine to thermal energy generated after fuel combustion, so we can know from this formula that this data actually reflects the efficiency of converting fuel into mechanical energy, that is, the higher the thermal efficiency, the more mechanical energy can be converted under unit fuel consumption. In fact, this index has little correlation with power performance, and it reflects the conversion efficiency of fuel more than the output of the engine itself. This is like a person who eats very little, but absorbs enough, but this does not mean that he is a strong person. Do you understand this description?

　　So back to the theme, the engine we are going to talk about today is not really a new friend. It is an improved version of the Chery 1.5T engine code-named SQRE4T15. Although we haven’t learned in detail what the new engine has optimized, there is one technical parameter that is remarkable: the thermal efficiency reaches 37.1%. This index is even close to the thermal efficiency index of the previous generation internal combustion engine, which belongs to the highest thermal efficiency among domestic engines.

　　Like most China brands today, Chery has also equipped this new engine with many internationally renowned suppliers’ products. A simple inventory will reveal that it includes Honeywell’s turbocharger, BorgWarner’s timing chain structure, Scheaeffler’s valve train and so on.

　　At this stage, we know that this new engine not only has high thermal efficiency, but also will work with a 6-speed dual gearbox, becoming the mainstream powertrain of Chery brand in the future. At this stage, this combination will be equipped with Chery 1.5T dual-clutch gearbox. As for its fuel consumption, we will evaluate it for you at the first time.

Editor’s comment:

　　From the perspective of thermal efficiency, Chery has indeed made progress this time. Although there is still a certain gap between the thermal efficiency of 37.1% and other brands, I believe it still has room for improvement, at least technically. On March 21st, Chery will officially announce the engine with one of the best thermal efficiency among China brands, and we will go to the scene to participate in the report, so please pay attention. (Text/Figure car home Shu Ning)

On December 25, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court announced the "About Revision"

<关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定>Decision "(hereinafter referred to as the" Regulations on Evidence "), which will come into force on May 1, 2020.

It has been 18 years since the Regulations on Evidence came into effect on April 1, 2002. During this period, the Civil Procedure Law has undergone three revisions in 2007, 2012 and 2017, and in 2015, "the Supreme People’s Court on Application"

<民事诉讼法>Interpretation of "(hereinafter referred to as" Judicial Interpretation of Civil Procedure Law ") has been promulgated and implemented, and rich experience has been accumulated in the application of the rules of proof and evidence identification in trial practice. As a guide to civil litigation evidence, the Evidence Regulations also need to be improved and supplemented urgently.

There are 100 articles in the revised Provisions on Evidence, only 11 articles in the original article are retained, and the others are new and modified articles. Modifications and additions are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

First, modify and improve the rules of self-admission of the parties, so as to better balance the exercise of the right of disposition of the parties and the need for the people’s court to find out the facts;

Second, improve the system of "documentary evidence giving orders" and expand the ways for the parties to collect evidence;

Third, improve the system of parties’ and witnesses’ oaths and appraisers’ promises, as well as the sanctions for false statements by parties and witnesses and false appraisal by appraisers, so as to promote the construction of the integrity system in civil litigation;

Four, clear the scope of electronic data and electronic data review and identification rules.

This paper will focus on the above four aspects, so that readers can quickly get the essence of the new regulations. At the same time, in order to facilitate comparative study, this paper also attaches the old and new comparison tables for readers to learn and understand.

one

About self-admission

In civil litigation, one party does not need to prove the fact that it is unfavorable to itself. The parties admit the facts that are unfavorable to them, which is called "admission". "Confession" will have the legal consequence of exempting the other party from the burden of proof. Articles 3 to 9 of the Evidence Regulations have improved the system of self-admission:

1. The provisions on self-admission of entrusted agents have been revised. The original "Evidence Regulations" stipulated that if an unauthorized agent’s recognition of the facts directly led to the recognition of the other party’s claim, it would not be regarded as self-admission. The new "Evidence Regulations" has relaxed the scope of the principal-agent confession. "Except for the matters explicitly excluded by the power of attorney, the confession of the agent ad litem is regarded as the confession of the parties". That is, there is no longer a distinction between special authorization and general authorization. As long as the power of attorney is not explicitly excluded, the admission of the litigation agent is regarded as the admission of the parties. This article is amended as the embodiment of "estoppel principle" in the civil procedure law. At the same time, agents ad litem should be more cautious in the trial and avoid admitting the facts that are unfavorable to the parties at will.

2. The provisions on admission in joint action have been added. According to Article 6 of the new Evidence Regulations, common class actions and necessary class actions are distinguished:

(1) In common class action, the self-admission effect of one person or several people is only limited to themselves, and it does not produce self-admission effect for those who do not admit themselves;

(2) In the necessary joint action, it is deemed to be self-admission only if everyone agrees, and it is deemed to be self-admission if it does not admit or deny that the opinions are not clear after the court explanation.

3. Provisions on restriction and conditional admission have been added. In practice, the fact that one party claims against the other party is not always fully acknowledged, and sometimes it is conditionally and partially acknowledged. Article 7 of the new "Evidence Regulations" provides a general review rule for confession in this case, that is, "whether it constitutes confession is decided by the people’s court based on the comprehensive case situation".

4. The conditions for revoking admission have been revised. The original "Evidence Regulations" stipulates that if the other party agrees, or there is evidence to prove that the confession was made under duress and major misunderstanding, and it is inconsistent with the facts, it can be withdrawn. The new "Evidence Regulations" relaxes the conditions for the latter, that is, as long as it can be proved that the confession was made under duress and major misunderstanding, it is not necessary to prove that the confession is inconsistent with the facts, and it can be withdrawn before the end of the court debate, which reduces the standard of proof in this case.

two

About "Documentary evidence gives orders"

"Documentary evidence makes an order" was created by Article 112 of Judicial Interpretation of Civil Procedure Law, which stipulates: "If documentary evidence is under the control of the other party, the party who bears the burden of proof may apply to the people’s court in writing to order the other party to submit it before the expiration of the time limit for proof. If the reasons for the application are established, the people’s court shall order the other party to submit it, and the expenses arising from the submission of documentary evidence shall be borne by the applicant. If the other party refuses to submit it without justifiable reasons, the people’s court may determine that the documentary evidence advocated by the applicant is true. " Articles 45 to 48 of the new Evidence Regulations have improved the system.

1. The application conditions for "documentary evidence to make an order" are clarified. If one party applies to the court to order the other party to submit documentary evidence, it shall submit an application stating: (1) the name or content of documentary evidence; (2) the facts to be proved and their importance; (3) The other party controls the documentary evidence. Correspondingly, if the documentary evidence stated by the parties is not clear, it is unnecessary to prove the facts to be proved, or the facts to be proved have no substantial influence on the judgment result, and the documentary evidence is not under the control of the other party, the people’s court will not approve the application.

2. Incomplete list of the scope of documentary evidence that the parties who control documentary evidence should submit. Including: (1) cited in litigation; (2) made for the benefit of the other party; (3) The other party has the right to consult and obtain according to law; (4) original vouchers for account books and bookkeeping; (5) others.

3. The legal consequences of not submitting documentary evidence as required. If the party who controls the documentary evidence refuses to submit it without justifiable reasons, or destroys the relevant documentary evidence or commits other acts that make the documentary evidence unusable for the purpose of obstructing the use of the other party, the people’s court may determine that the documentary evidence claimed by the other party is true.

three

On the "Appraisal Duty" of Judges and Appraisers

Because "appraisal is not included in the trial limit" and in many cases, the appraisal result directly determines the judgment result, in practice, the situation of appraisal delay and "judging by reference" is more prominent. The new "Regulations on Evidence" defines the responsibilities of judges and appraisers in the appraisal procedure:

1. Clarify the responsibilities of judges in the appraisal procedure. (1) Article 32 of the new "Provisions on Evidence" makes it clear that the judicial personnel shall specify the matters, scope, purpose and time limit of appraisal in the power of attorney. (2) Article 34 stipulates that judges shall organize the parties to cross-examine the appraisal materials.

2. Clarify the responsibilities of appraisers in the appraisal procedure. (1) Article 33 of the new "Evidence Regulations" stipulates that appraisers should sign a letter of commitment to be objective and fair, and guarantee to testify in court. In case of false appraisal, the people’s court shall order the refund of appraisal fees and impose penalties. (2) Article 35 stipulates that the appraiser shall complete the appraisal within the time limit determined by the people’s court, otherwise, the parties may apply to the people’s court to entrust another appraiser, and the appraisal fee charged by the original appraiser shall be refunded. (3) Article 42 stipulates that if the appraiser cancels the appraisal opinion without justifiable reasons, the appraisal fee shall be refunded, and the people’s court shall punish him, and support the party’s claim that the appraiser shall bear reasonable expenses.

four

About electronic data

With the development of Internet technology, the importance of electronic data has become more and more prominent, and the provisions on electronic data evidence have also been the focus of the revision of civil procedure law and the formulation of judicial interpretation in recent times. The new "Regulations on Evidence" goes further on this basis:

1. The scope of electronic data is specified. Article 14 of the "Regulations on Evidence" is an incomplete list.

2. Clarify the identification of the original electronic data. Article 15 gives an expanded explanation to the "original" of electronic data, that is, "a copy made by the producer of electronic data that is consistent with the original, or a printed copy directly derived from electronic data or other output media that can be displayed and identified, is regarded as the original of electronic data", that is to say, the directly printed mobile phone WeChat record and the storage USB flash drive of burned video submitted in court can all be regarded as the original.

3. The review rules of electronic data are clarified. Article 93 stipulates the elements for determining the authenticity of electronic data, including whether the hardware and software environment of the computer system on which the generation, storage and transmission of electronic data depend is complete, reliable and normal. Article 94 stipulates five situations (unless there is enough evidence to the contrary) to infer the authenticity of electronic data, including five situations submitted by the parties that are unfavorable to them, preserved by a neutral third party, formed in the normal business activities, preserved by file management, preserved, transmitted and extracted in the manner agreed by both parties.

4. It is clear that the provisions on documentary evidence are applicable to electronic data evidence. Documentary evidence is one of the main forms of evidence to determine the facts of a case in a civil case. Electronic data is similar in stability and objectivity to documentary evidence. Article 99 of the new "Evidence Regulations" clarifies that the provisions on documentary evidence apply to electronic data, which makes the rules for determining electronic data determined.

Of course, in addition to the above four parts, there are many other "bright spots" in the new Rules of Evidence, such as: limiting the fact of exemption from evidence determined by the effective judgment of the people’s court to "basic facts"; Limited the scope of extraterritorial evidence that needs to be certified by Chinese embassies and consulates in the country; It stipulates the procedural elements of signing and reading the letter of guarantee before the parties make a statement; It stipulates the interpretation system to prevent the referee from raiding; It stipulates the connotation and extension of new evidence, the punishment for overdue submission of evidence and so on.

Limited by the length of this article, I will not analyze it in detail. Readers can learn from the following old and new comparison tables.

Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Proceedings (New)

[Fa Shi [2019] No.19]

Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Proceedings (Old)

【 Fa Shi [2001] No.33 】

[Law Interpretation [2008] No.18 revised the serial number of the cited articles]

First, the parties provide evidence

Article 1 When the plaintiff files a lawsuit in a people’s court or the defendant files a counterclaim, it shall provide corresponding evidence that meets the conditions for prosecution.

(Article 1 of the old regulation is amended)

Article 1 When the plaintiff files a lawsuit in a people’s court or the defendant files a counterclaim, it shall be accompanied by corresponding evidential materials that meet the conditions for prosecution.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 2 The parties have the responsibility to provide evidence to prove the facts on which their claims are based or the facts on which they refute the other party’s claims.

If there is no evidence or the evidence is not enough to prove the facts of the parties, the parties with the burden of proof shall bear the adverse consequences.

Article 2 The people’s court shall explain the requirements and legal consequences of giving evidence to the parties, so as to urge the parties to give evidence actively, comprehensively, correctly and honestly within a reasonable period of time.

Evidence that the parties cannot collect by themselves due to objective reasons may apply to the people’s court for investigation and collection.

(Article 3 of the old rules)

Article 3 The people’s court shall explain the requirements and legal consequences of giving evidence to the parties, so as to urge the parties to give evidence actively, comprehensively, correctly and honestly within a reasonable period of time.

Evidence that the parties cannot collect by themselves due to objective reasons may apply to the people’s court for investigation and collection.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 4 The following tort litigation shall bear the burden of proof in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) In a patent infringement lawsuit caused by a new product manufacturing method invention patent, the unit or individual that manufactures the same product shall bear the burden of proof that its product manufacturing method is different from the patented method;

(2) In an infringement lawsuit that causes damage by highly dangerous operations, the injurer shall bear the burden of proof for the fact that the victim intentionally causes damage;

(3) In a lawsuit for damages caused by environmental pollution, the injurer shall bear the burden of proof on the exemption provided by law and the fact that there is no causal relationship between his behavior and the damage result;

(4) The owner or manager shall bear the burden of proof for the tort lawsuit that the building or other facilities and the shelving and hanging objects on the building collapse, fall off or cause damage;

(5) In an infringement lawsuit that causes damage to people by raising animals, the animal keeper or manager shall bear the burden of proof that the victim is at fault or the third party is at fault;

(6) In the case of infringement litigation caused by defective products, the producer of the products shall bear the burden of proof for the exemption provided by law;

(7) In an infringement lawsuit that causes damage to people due to joint dangerous behavior, the person who commits the dangerous behavior shall bear the burden of proof that there is no causal relationship between his behavior and the damage result;

(eight) the medical institution shall bear the burden of proof that there is no causal relationship between the medical behavior and the damage result and that there is no medical fault in the infringement lawsuit caused by medical behavior.

Where the relevant laws have special provisions on the burden of proof in tort litigation, those provisions shall prevail.

Article 5 In a contract dispute case, the party who claims that the contract relationship is established and effective shall bear the burden of proof for the fact that the contract is concluded and effective; The party who advocates the change, dissolution, termination or cancellation of the contractual relationship shall bear the burden of proof for the facts that caused the change of the contractual relationship.

In case of any dispute over the performance of the contract, the party who has the obligation to perform shall bear the burden of proof.

In case of any dispute over the right of agency, the party claiming the right of agency shall bear the burden of proof.

Article 6 In labor dispute cases, if a labor dispute occurs due to the decision of the employer to dismiss, remove the name from the list, dismiss, terminate the labor contract, reduce the labor remuneration, and calculate the working years of the workers, the employer shall bear the burden of proof.

Article 7 When there are no specific provisions in the law and the burden of proof cannot be determined according to these provisions and other judicial interpretations, the people’s court may determine the burden of proof according to the principles of fairness and good faith, taking into account the parties’ ability to provide evidence and other factors.

Article 3 In the course of litigation, if one party states the facts that are unfavorable to him or explicitly acknowledges the facts that are unfavorable to him, the other party does not need to prove them.

In the process of evidence exchange, inquiry and investigation, or in written materials such as complaints, pleadings and proxy words, if the parties explicitly admit the facts that are unfavorable to them, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply.

(The first paragraph of Article 8 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 8 In the course of litigation, if one party explicitly acknowledges the facts of the case stated by the other party, the other party does not need to provide evidence. Except for cases involving identity relations.

If the facts stated by one party have not been acknowledged or denied by the other party, and the judges have fully explained and asked, but they still do not clearly affirm or deny them, it shall be regarded as the recognition of the facts.

If a party entrusts an agent to participate in the litigation, the recognition of the agent shall be regarded as the recognition of the party. Except for the fact that the recognition of facts by an agent without special authorization directly leads to the recognition of the other party’s claim. If a party is present but does not deny the recognition of his agent, it shall be regarded as the recognition of the party.

If the parties withdraw their recognition before the end of the court debate and get the consent of the other party, or there is sufficient evidence to prove that their recognition was made under coercion or gross misunderstanding and is inconsistent with the facts, the other party cannot be exempted from the burden of proof.

Article 4 If a party neither admits nor denies the fact that the other party claims to be unfavorable to him, but after being explained and questioned by the judges, he still does not clearly affirm or deny it, it shall be regarded as an admission of the fact.

(The second paragraph of Article 8 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 5 Where a party entrusts an agent ad litem to participate in a lawsuit, the agent ad litem’s admission shall be regarded as the party’s admission, except for matters expressly excluded by the power of attorney.

If a party explicitly denies the admission of an agent ad litem in the presence, it shall not be regarded as admission.

(The third paragraph of Article 8 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 6 In a common class action, the admission made by one or more of the co-litigants shall have effect on the party who made the admission.

In a necessary joint action, if one or more of the co-litigants make an admission and the other co-litigants deny it, it will not have the effect of admission. If other co-litigants neither admit nor deny, but still do not express their opinions clearly after being explained and inquired by the judges, it shall be regarded as self-admission of all co-litigants.

(New provisions)

Article 7 If one party restricts or attaches conditions to the fact that the other party claims to be unfavorable to itself, the people’s court shall decide whether it constitutes admission according to the comprehensive circumstances of the case.

(New provisions)

Article 8 The facts stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 96 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) do not apply to the provisions on admission.

The people’s court shall not confirm the fact that the confession is inconsistent with the fact that has been ascertained.

(New provisions)

Article 9 In any of the following circumstances, the people’s court shall allow the parties to revoke their admission before the end of the court debate:

(a) with the consent of the other party;

(2) The admission was made under duress or major misunderstanding.

If the people’s court allows the parties to revoke their admission, it shall make an oral or written ruling.

(The fourth paragraph of Article 8 of the old regulations is revised)

Tenth the following facts, the parties do not need to prove:

(1) Laws of nature and theorems and laws;

(2) Well-known facts;

(3) Facts presumed according to the law;

(4) another fact inferred from the known facts and the rules of daily life experience;

(5) Facts that have been confirmed by the effective award of the arbitration institution;

(six) the basic facts that have been confirmed by the legally effective judgment of the people’s court;

(7) Facts that have been proved by valid notarial documents.

The facts mentioned in the second to fifth paragraphs of the preceding paragraph, unless the parties have evidence to the contrary enough to refute them; The sixth and seventh facts, unless the parties have evidence to the contrary enough to overthrow.

(Article 9 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 9 The parties need not provide evidence to prove the following facts:

(1) Well-known facts;

(2) Natural laws and theorems;

(3) another fact that can be inferred according to the law or the known facts and the rules of daily life experience;

(4) Facts that have been confirmed by legally effective judgments of the people’s courts;

(5) Facts that have been confirmed by the effective award of the arbitration institution;

(6) Facts that have been proved by valid notarial documents.

Items (1), (3), (4), (5) and (6) of the preceding paragraph, unless the parties have evidence to the contrary that is sufficient to overthrow them.

Article 11 When providing evidence to a people’s court, a party shall provide the original or the original. If it is necessary to keep the original and original evidence by yourself or it is really difficult to provide the original and original evidence, you can provide a copy or duplicate that has been verified by the people’s court.

(Article 10 of the old rules)

Article 10 When providing evidence to a people’s court, a party shall provide the original or the original. If it is necessary to keep the original and original evidence by yourself or it is really difficult to provide the original and original evidence, you can provide a copy or duplicate that has been verified by the people’s court.

Article 12 Where movable property is used as evidence, the original shall be submitted to the people’s court. If the original object is unsuitable for removal or preservation, the parties concerned may provide copies, video materials or other substitutes.

After receiving the movable property or substitute submitted by the parties, the people’s court shall promptly notify both parties to go to the people’s court or keep it for on-site inspection.

(New provisions)

Article 13 If a party takes real estate as evidence, it shall provide the people’s court with the image data of the real estate.

If the people’s court deems it necessary, it shall notify both parties to be present for inspection.

(New provisions)

Article 14 Electronic data include the following information and electronic documents:

(1) Information published by web pages, blogs, microblogs and other online platforms;

(2) Communication information of network application services such as SMS, email, instant messaging and communication groups;

(3) User registration information, identity authentication information, electronic transaction records, communication records, login logs and other information;

(four) documents, pictures, audio, video, digital certificates, computer programs and other electronic files;

(five) other information stored, processed and transmitted in digital form that can prove the facts of the case.

(New provisions)

Article 15 If a party takes audio-visual materials as evidence, it shall provide the original carrier for storing the audio-visual materials.

If the parties take electronic data as evidence, they shall provide the original. A copy made by the producer of electronic data that is consistent with the original, or a printed copy directly derived from electronic data or other output media that can be displayed and recognized, is regarded as the original of electronic data.

(New provisions)

Article 16 The official documents and documents provided by the parties concerned were formed outside the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC), and the evidence shall be certified by the notary office of the host country, or the certification procedures stipulated in the relevant treaties concluded between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the host country shall be fulfilled.

Evidence involving identity relations formed outside the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall be certified by the notary office of the host country and certified by the embassy or consulate of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in that country, or the certification procedures stipulated in the relevant treaties concluded between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and that country shall be fulfilled.

The evidence provided by the parties to the people’s court was formed in Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan Province, and the relevant certification procedures shall be performed.

(Article 11 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 11 The evidence provided by the parties to the people’s court is formed outside the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC), and the evidence shall be certified by the notary office of the host country and certified by the embassy or consulate of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in that country, or the certification procedures stipulated in the relevant treaties concluded between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and that host country shall be fulfilled.

The evidence provided by the parties to the people’s court was formed in Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan Province, and the relevant certification procedures shall be performed.

Article 17 When a party provides documentary evidence or explanatory materials in a foreign language to a people’s court, it shall be accompanied by a Chinese translation.

(Article 12 of the old regulations)

Article 12 When a party provides documentary evidence or explanatory materials in a foreign language to a people’s court, it shall be accompanied by a Chinese translation.

Article 18 If the uncontested facts of both parties conform to the circumstances stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 96 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the people’s court may order the parties to provide relevant evidence.

(Article 13 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 13 The people’s court may order the parties to provide relevant evidence for facts that are not disputed by both parties but involve national interests, social public interests or the legitimate rights and interests of others.

Article 19 The parties shall classify and number the evidence materials submitted by them one by one, give a brief description of the sources, objects and contents of the evidence materials, sign and seal them, indicate the date of submission, and submit copies according to the number of the other parties.

When the people’s court receives the evidential materials submitted by the parties concerned, it shall issue a receipt indicating the name, number of copies and pages of the evidence and the time of receipt, which shall be signed or sealed by the person in charge. (Article 14 of the old regulations)

Article 14 The parties shall classify and number the evidence materials submitted by them one by one, give a brief description of the sources, objects and contents of the evidence materials, sign and seal them, indicate the date of submission, and submit copies according to the number of the other parties.

When the people’s court receives the evidential materials submitted by the parties concerned, it shall issue a receipt indicating the name, number of copies and pages of the evidence and the time of receipt, which shall be signed or sealed by the person in charge.

Second, the investigation, collection and preservation of evidence

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 15 The term "evidence that the people’s court considers necessary for hearing a case" as stipulated in Article 64 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the following situations:

(a) involving may harm the national interests, social and public interests.

Or the fact that others have legitimate rights and interests;

(two) involving the addition of parties ex officio, suspension of litigation, termination of litigation, withdrawal and other procedural matters unrelated to substantive disputes.

Article 16 Except under the circumstances stipulated in Article 15 of these Provisions, the people’s court shall investigate and collect evidence at the request of the parties concerned.

Seventeenth meet one of the following conditions, the parties and their agents ad litem may apply to the people’s court to investigate and collect evidence:

(a) the evidence collected by the application for investigation belongs to the archival materials kept by the relevant state departments and must be transferred by the people’s court ex officio;

(two) materials involving state secrets, commercial secrets and personal privacy;

(3) Other materials that the parties and their agents ad litem cannot collect by themselves due to objective reasons.

Twentieth parties and their agents ad litem to apply to the people’s court for investigation and collection of evidence, shall submit a written application before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

The application shall specify the name of the person under investigation, the name of the unit, the domicile and other basic information, the name or content of the evidence to be investigated and collected, the reasons why the evidence needs to be investigated and collected by the people’s court, the facts to be proved and clear clues.

(The first paragraph of Article 18 and Article 19 of the old regulations is amended, and the second paragraph of Article 19 is deleted)

Eighteenth parties and their agents ad litem shall submit a written application to the people’s court for investigation and collection of evidence. The application shall specify the name of the person under investigation, the name of the unit, the domicile and other basic information, the contents of the evidence to be investigated and collected, the reasons why the evidence needs to be investigated and collected by the people’s court and the facts to be proved.

Article 19 The parties and their agents ad litem shall apply to the people’s court for investigation and collection of evidence not later than seven days before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

If the people’s court refuses the application of the parties and their agents ad litem, it shall serve a notice on the parties or their agents ad litem. The parties and their agents ad litem may apply for reconsideration in writing to the people’s court accepting the application within three days from the day after receiving the notice. The people’s court shall make a reply within five days from the date of receiving the application for reconsideration.

Article 21 Documentary evidence collected by investigators may be original, or verified copies or duplicates. If it is a copy or duplicate, the source and evidence collection shall be explained in the investigation record.

(Article 20 of the old rules)

Article 20 Documentary evidence collected by investigators may be originals, or verified copies or duplicates. If it is a copy or duplicate, the source and evidence collection shall be explained in the investigation record.

Article 22 The physical evidence collected by investigators shall be original. If it is really difficult for the respondent to provide the original, it may provide copies or video materials. If copies or video materials are provided, the evidence collection shall be explained in the investigation record.

(Article 21 is amended)

Article 21 The physical evidence collected by investigators shall be original. If it is really difficult for the respondent to provide the original, he may provide copies or photos. If copies or photos are provided, the evidence collection shall be explained in the investigation record.

Article 23 When investigating and collecting audio-visual materials and electronic data, the people’s court shall require the respondent to provide the original carrier.

If it is really difficult to provide the original carrier, a copy can be provided. If a copy is provided, the people’s court shall explain its source and production process in the investigation record.

Where the people’s court adopts evidence preservation measures for audio-visual materials and electronic data, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply.

(Article 22 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 22 When investigating and collecting computer data or audio-visual materials such as audio and video recordings, investigators shall require the respondents to provide the original carriers of relevant materials. If it is really difficult to provide the original carrier, a copy can be provided. If a copy is provided, the investigator shall explain its source and production process in the investigation record.

Article 24 When investigating and collecting evidence that may need to be appraised, the people’s court shall abide by relevant technical specifications to ensure that the evidence is not polluted.

(New provisions)

Article 25 Where a party or interested party applies for evidence preservation in accordance with the provisions of Article 81 of the Civil Procedure Law, the application shall specify the basic information of the evidence to be preserved, the reasons for applying for preservation and the preservation measures to be taken.

If a party applies for evidence preservation in accordance with the provisions of Article 81, paragraph 1, of the Civil Procedure Law, it shall submit it to the people’s court before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

Where laws and judicial interpretations provide for the preservation of evidence before litigation, such provisions shall prevail.

(Article 23 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 23 A party shall apply to the people’s court for the preservation of evidence in accordance with the provisions of Article 74 of the Civil Procedure Law, not later than seven days before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

If the parties apply for the preservation of evidence, the people’s court may require them to provide corresponding guarantees.

Where laws and judicial interpretations provide for the preservation of evidence before litigation, such provisions shall apply.

Article 26 Where a party or interested party applies for taking preservation measures such as sealing up or detaining to restrict the use and circulation of the preserved subject matter, or the preservation may cause losses to the evidence holder, the people’s court shall order the applicant to provide corresponding guarantees.

The method or amount of guarantee shall be comprehensively determined by the people’s court according to the influence of the preservation measures on the evidence holders, the value of the preserved subject matter, and the amount of the litigation subject matter disputed by the parties or interested parties.

(New provisions)

Article 27 The people’s court may require the parties or agents ad litem to be present when preserving evidence.

According to the application of the parties and the specific circumstances, the people’s court may take the methods of sealing up, distraining, audio recording, video recording, reproduction, identification and inspection to preserve the evidence and make a written record.

In the case of meeting the purpose of evidence preservation, the people’s court shall choose the preservation measures that have the least impact on the interests of the evidence holders.

(Article 24 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 24 In preserving evidence, the people’s court may, according to the specific circumstances, adopt methods such as sealing up, detaining, taking photos, recording, videotaping, copying, identifying, conducting an inquest, and making transcripts.

The people’s court may require the parties or agents ad litem to be present when preserving evidence.

Twenty-eighth application for evidence preservation errors caused by property losses, the parties request the applicant to bear the liability for compensation, the people’s court shall support.

(New provisions)

Article 29 After the people’s court has taken pre-litigation evidence preservation measures, if a party brings a lawsuit to another people’s court with jurisdiction, the people’s court that took the preservation measures shall, at the request of the party concerned, promptly hand over the preserved evidence to the people’s court that accepted the case.

(New provisions)

Article 30 If the people’s court considers that the facts to be proved need to be proved by expert opinions in the course of hearing a case, it shall explain them to the parties concerned and specify the time limit for applying for expert evaluation.

In accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 96 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the people’s court shall entrust the appraisal according to its functions and powers.

(New provisions)

Article 31 A party applying for appraisal shall file an application within the period specified by the people’s court and pay the appraisal fee in advance. Failing to submit an application within the time limit or paying the appraisal fee in advance shall be regarded as giving up the application.

If the party who bears the burden of proof for the facts to be proved that need to be appraised fails to apply for appraisal or pay appraisal fees in advance without justifiable reasons within the period specified by the people’s court, or refuses to provide relevant materials, so that the facts to be proved cannot be ascertained, it shall bear the legal consequences of failing to prove.

(Article 25 of the old regulations is revised)

Twenty-fifth parties to apply for identification, should be put forward within the time limit for proof. In accordance with the provisions of the provisions of article twenty-seventh, unless the parties apply for re identification.

If a party who bears the burden of proof for matters that need to be identified fails to apply for identification or pay the identification fee in advance or refuse to provide relevant materials within the time limit specified by the people’s court without justifiable reasons, so that the facts in dispute in the case cannot be identified through the conclusion of identification, it shall bear the legal consequences of failing to prove the facts.

Article 32 Where a people’s court approves an application for appraisal, it shall organize both parties to determine an appraiser with corresponding qualifications through consultation. If the parties fail to negotiate, it shall be designated by the people’s court.

If the people’s court entrusts an appraisal according to its functions and powers, it may appoint an appraiser with corresponding qualifications after asking the opinions of the parties.

The people’s court shall issue a power of attorney after determining the appraiser, and the power of attorney shall specify the matters, scope, purpose and time limit of the appraisal.

(Article 26 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 26 After the parties apply for appraisal with the consent of the people’s court, the two parties shall determine the appraisal institutions and appraisers with appraisal qualifications through consultation. If consultation fails, the people’s court shall designate them.

Article 33 Before the appraisal begins, the people’s court shall require the appraiser to sign a letter of commitment. The letter of commitment shall specify that the appraiser guarantees to conduct the appraisal objectively, fairly and honestly, and to testify in court. If false appraisal is made, he shall bear legal responsibility.

If an appraiser intentionally makes a false appraisal, the people’s court shall order him to refund the appraisal fee and deal with it according to the provisions of Article 111th of the Civil Procedure Law according to the circumstances.

(New provisions)

Article 34 The people’s court shall organize the parties to cross-examine the appraisal materials. Materials that have not been cross-examined shall not be used as the basis for identification.

With the permission of the people’s court, an expert witness may obtain evidence, inspect physical evidence and the scene, and ask the parties or witnesses.

(New provisions)

Article 35 An appraiser shall complete the appraisal within the time limit determined by the people’s court and submit an appraisal certificate.

If the appraiser fails to submit the appraisal report on time without justifiable reasons, the parties concerned may apply to the people’s court to entrust another appraiser for appraisal. With the permission of the people’s court, the appraisal fee already charged by the original appraiser shall be refunded; Refuse to return, in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of article eighty-first.

(New provisions)

Article 36 The people’s court shall examine whether the appraisal certificate issued by the appraiser contains the following contents:

(1) The name of the entrusting court;

(two) the contents and requirements of the entrusted appraisal;

(3) Identification materials;

(4) The principles and methods on which the appraisal is based;

(5) A description of the appraisal process;

(6) Appraisal opinions;

(7) Letter of commitment.

The appraisal book shall be signed or sealed by the appraiser, and the corresponding qualification certificate of the appraiser shall be attached. Where an appraisal agency is entrusted, the appraisal certificate shall be sealed by the appraisal agency and signed by the personnel engaged in appraisal.

(Article 29 of the old regulations is revised)

Twenty-ninth judges shall examine whether the appraisal certificate issued by the appraiser has the following contents:

(1) The name of the client and the contents of the entrusted appraisal;

(2) Materials entrusted for appraisal;

(three) the basis of identification and the scientific and technological means used;

(4) A description of the appraisal process;

(5) A clear appraisal conclusion;

(6) An explanation of the appraiser’s qualification;

(seven) the signature and seal of the appraiser and the appraisal institution.

Article 37 After receiving the appraisal report, the people’s court shall promptly send a copy to the parties concerned.

If the parties have any objection to the contents of the appraisal, they shall put forward it in writing within the period specified by the people’s court.

The people’s court shall ask the appraiser to explain, explain or supplement the objections of the parties. If the people’s court deems it necessary, it may require the appraiser to explain, explain or supplement the contents that the parties have not raised objections.

(New provisions)

Article 38 If the parties still have objections after receiving the written reply from the appraiser, the people’s court shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 11 of the Measures for Payment of Litigation Fees, notify the objecting parties to pay the appraiser’s court appearance fee in advance and notify the appraiser to appear in court. If the objecting party fails to pay the appraiser’s court fees in advance, it shall be deemed as giving up the objection.

If both parties have objections to the appraisal opinions, they shall share the expenses of paying the appraisers in court in advance.

(New provisions)

Thirty-ninth expert fees in court shall be calculated according to the standard of witnesses’ fees in court, and shall be borne by the losing party. If the appraiser needs to appear in court because the appraisal opinion is unclear or flawed, the expenses for appearing in court shall be borne by him.

When the people’s court entrusts the appraisal, it has been determined that the appraiser’s appearance fee is included in the appraisal fee, and the party concerned will not be notified to pay in advance.

(New provisions)

Article 40 The people’s court shall allow the parties to apply for re-appraisal under any of the following circumstances:

(a) the appraiser does not have the corresponding qualifications;

(2) The appraisal procedure is seriously illegal;

(three) the expert opinion is obviously insufficient;

(four) other circumstances in which the expert opinion cannot be used as evidence.

In the case of the first to third items in the preceding paragraph, the appraisal fee already charged by the appraiser shall be refunded. Refuse to return, in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of article eighty-first.

The people’s court shall not allow the application for re-appraisal if the defects in the appraisal opinions can be solved by means of correction, supplementary appraisal or supplementary cross-examination or re-examination.

Re-appraisal, the original appraisal opinion shall not be used as the basis for determining the facts of the case.

(Article 27 of the old regulations is revised)

Twenty-seventh parties have objections to the appraisal conclusion made by the appraisal department entrusted by the people’s court and apply for re-appraisal, and the people’s court shall give permission if it provides evidence to prove that one of the following circumstances exists:

(a) the appraisal institution or appraiser does not have the relevant appraisal qualification;

(2) The appraisal procedure is seriously illegal;

(3) The appraisal conclusion is obviously based on insufficient evidence;

(4) Other circumstances that cannot be used as evidence after cross-examination.

If the defective appraisal conclusion can be solved by supplementary appraisal, re-examination or supplementary cross-examination, it will not be re-appraised.

Article 41 If one party entrusts relevant institutions or personnel to issue opinions on specialized issues, and the other party has enough evidence or reasons to refute and apply for appraisal, the people’s court shall allow it.

(Article 28 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 28 If one party entrusts the relevant department to make an appraisal conclusion, and the other party has enough evidence to refute and apply for re-appraisal, the people’s court shall allow it.

Article 42 If the appraiser cancels the appraisal opinion without justifiable reasons after the appraisal opinion is accepted, the people’s court shall order him to refund the appraisal fee, and may, according to the circumstances, punish the appraiser in accordance with the provisions of Article 111 of the Civil Procedure Law. The people’s court shall support the claim that the appraiser should bear the reasonable expenses thus increased.

If the people’s court allows the appraiser to withdraw after accepting the appraisal opinion, it shall order him to refund the appraisal fee.

(New provisions)

Article 43 The people’s court shall notify the parties of the time and place of the inspection before the inspection. If the parties do not participate, it will not affect the inspection.

The parties may explain and explain the matters in the inquest to the people’s court, and may request the people’s court to pay attention to important matters in the inquest.

When the people’s court inspects the physical evidence or the scene, it shall make a written record, recording the time and place of the inspection, the inspector, the people present, the process and results of the inspection, which shall be signed or sealed by the inspector and the people present. For the site map drawn, the time, orientation, name and identity of the surveyor shall be indicated.

(Article 30 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 30 The people’s court shall make a record of the time and place of the inspection, the inspector, the people present, the process and results of the inspection, which shall be signed or sealed by the inspector and the people present. For the site map drawn, the time, orientation, name and identity of the surveyor shall be indicated.

Article 44 When extracting the documents and materials related to the facts of the case produced by the relevant units, the source shall be indicated, and the seal of the production unit or the storage unit shall be affixed, and the extractor and other investigators shall sign or seal the extract.

Extracted documents and materials shall maintain the corresponding integrity of the contents.

(Article 31 of the old regulations is revised)

Thirty-first excerpts of documents and materials related to the facts of the case produced by the relevant units shall indicate the source and affix the seal of the production unit or the storage unit, and the excerpter and other investigators shall sign or seal the excerpts.

Extracted documents and materials shall maintain the corresponding integrity of the content and shall not be taken out of context.

Article 45 Where a party applies to the people’s court for ordering the other party to submit documentary evidence according to Article 112 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the application shall specify the name or content of the documentary evidence applied for, the facts and the importance of the facts that need to be proved by the documentary evidence, the basis for the other party to control the documentary evidence and the reasons why the documentary evidence should be submitted.

If the other party denies controlling the documentary evidence, the people’s court shall make a comprehensive judgment on whether the documentary evidence is under the control of the other party according to factors such as legal provisions and habits, combined with the facts and evidence of the case.

(New provisions)

Article 46 When examining an application for documentary evidence submitted by a party, the people’s court shall listen to the opinions of the other party, and may require both parties to provide evidence and debate when necessary.

The people’s court shall not grant permission if the documentary evidence applied by the parties is unclear, the documentary evidence is unnecessary to prove the facts to be proved, the facts to be proved have no substantial influence on the judgment result, the documentary evidence is not under the control of the other party or does not conform to Article 47 of these Provisions.

If the reasons for the application are established, the people’s court shall make a ruling and order the other party to submit documentary evidence; If the reason is untenable, notify the applicant.

(New provisions)

Article 47 The party in control of documentary evidence shall submit documentary evidence under the following circumstances:

(1) Documentary evidence that has been cited by the party in control of documentary evidence in litigation;

(2) Documentary evidence produced for the benefit of the other party;

(3) Documentary evidence that the other party has the right to consult and obtain according to the law;

(4) Original vouchers for account books and bookkeeping;

(5) Other circumstances that the people’s court considers that documentary evidence should be submitted.

If the documentary evidence listed in the preceding paragraph involves state secrets, commercial secrets, the privacy of the parties or the third party, or there are circumstances that should be kept confidential by law, it shall not be publicly cross-examined after submission.

(New provisions)

Article 48 If the party in control of documentary evidence refuses to submit documentary evidence without justifiable reasons, the people’s court may determine that the contents of documentary evidence advocated by the other party are true.

The people’s court may determine that the facts proved by the documentary evidence of the other party are true if the parties who control the documentary evidence are under the circumstances stipulated in Article 113 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

(New provisions)

Third, the time limit of proof and evidence exchange

Article 49 the defendant shall submit a written defense before the expiration of the defense period, stating his opinions on the plaintiff’s claim and the facts and reasons on which it is based.

(Original Article 32)

Article 32 the defendant shall submit a written defense before the expiration of the defense period, stating his opinions on the plaintiff’s claim and the facts and reasons on which it is based.

Article 50 The people’s court shall serve a notice of proof on the parties in the preparatory stage before the trial.

The notice of proof shall specify the distribution principle and requirements of the burden of proof, the circumstances in which you can apply to the people’s court for investigation and collection of evidence, the time limit for proof specified by the people’s court according to the circumstances of the case, and the legal consequences of providing evidence after the time limit.

(The original paragraph 1 of Article 33 was amended)

Article 33 The people’s court shall serve the parties with the notice of acceptance of the case and the notice of responding to the lawsuit. The notice of proof shall specify the distribution principle and requirements of the burden of proof, the circumstances in which an application can be made to the people’s court for investigation and evidence collection, the time limit for proof specified by the people’s court according to the circumstances of the case, and the legal consequences of providing evidence beyond the time limit.

The time limit for adducing evidence may be agreed by the parties through consultation and approved by the people’s court.

If the time limit for adducing evidence is specified by the people’s court, the specified time limit shall not be less than 30 days, counting from the day after the party concerned receives the notice of accepting the case and the notice of responding to the lawsuit.

Article 51 The time limit for adducing evidence may be negotiated by the parties and approved by the people’s court.

If the people’s court specifies the time limit for adducing evidence, the ordinary procedure of first instance shall not be less than fifteen days, and the case of second instance in which the parties provide new evidence shall not be less than ten days. Cases tried by summary procedure shall not exceed fifteen days, and the time limit for adducing evidence in small claims shall generally not exceed seven days.

After the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence, if the parties provide rebuttal evidence or make corrections to the defects in the source and form of the evidence already provided, the people’s court may, at its discretion, determine the time limit for adducing evidence again, which is not limited by the time limit stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

(The second and third paragraphs of the original article 33 are revised)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 34 A party shall submit evidence materials to the people’s court within the time limit for adducing evidence. If the party fails to do so within the time limit for adducing evidence, it shall be deemed as giving up the right to adduce evidence.

The people’s court shall not organize cross-examination of the evidence materials submitted by the parties within the time limit. Unless the other party agrees to cross-examine.

If a party increases or changes a claim or files a counterclaim, it shall do so before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

Article 52 There are objective obstacles for the parties to provide evidence within the time limit for adducing evidence, which belongs to the situation that "it is indeed difficult for the parties to provide evidence within the time limit" as stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 65 of the Civil Procedure Law.

In the case mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the people’s court shall make a comprehensive judgment based on the parties’ ability to provide evidence and the reasons why they cannot provide evidence within the time limit for providing evidence. When necessary, you can listen to the opinions of the other party.

(New provisions)

Article 53 In the course of litigation, if the nature of the legal relationship or the effectiveness of the civil act advocated by the parties is inconsistent with the determination made by the people’s court according to the facts of the case, the people’s court shall take the nature of the legal relationship or the effectiveness of the civil act as the focus of the trial. However, the nature of the legal relationship has no influence on the reasons and results of the judgment, or the relevant issues have been fully debated by the parties.

In the case mentioned in the preceding paragraph, if the parties change their claims according to the court hearing, the people’s court shall allow and may re-specify the time limit for adducing evidence according to the specific circumstances of the case.

(Article 35 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 35 In the course of litigation, if the nature of the legal relationship or the effectiveness of the civil act advocated by the parties is inconsistent with the determination made by the people’s court according to the facts of the case, it shall not be restricted by the provisions of Article 34 of these Provisions, and the people’s court shall inform the parties that they can change the litigation request.

If a party changes his claim, the people’s court shall re-specify the time limit for adducing evidence.

Article 54 Where a party applies for extending the time limit for adducing evidence, it shall submit a written application to the people’s court before the time limit for adducing evidence expires.

If the reasons for the application are established, the people’s court shall allow and appropriately extend the time limit for adducing evidence, and notify other parties. The extended time limit for adducing evidence is applicable to other parties.

If the reasons for the application are not established, the people’s court shall not grant it and notify the applicant.

(The original article 36 was revised)

Article 36 If it is really difficult for a party to submit evidence materials within the time limit for adducing evidence, it shall apply to the people’s court for an extension of adducing evidence within the time limit for adducing evidence, and the time limit for adducing evidence may be appropriately extended with the permission of the people’s court. If it is still difficult for the parties to submit evidence materials within the extended time limit for adducing evidence, they may apply for an extension again, and whether or not to grant it shall be decided by the people’s court.

Article 55 In any of the following circumstances, the time limit for adducing evidence shall be determined as follows:

(1) If a party raises an objection to jurisdiction in accordance with Article 127 of the Civil Procedure Law, the time limit for adducing evidence shall be suspended and the calculation shall be resumed from the effective date of the ruling rejecting the objection to jurisdiction;

(2) If an additional party, a third party with independent claim right or a third party without independent claim right is notified by the people’s court to participate in the litigation, the people’s court shall set a time limit for the new party to participate in the litigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of these Provisions, which shall apply to other parties;

(3) In a case remanded for retrial, the people’s court of first instance may, in light of the specific circumstances of the case and the reasons for remanding for retrial, determine the time limit for adducing evidence as appropriate;

(4) If the parties increase or change their claims or file counterclaims, the people’s court shall re-determine the time limit for adducing evidence according to the specific circumstances of the case;

(5) If the announcement is served, the time limit for adducing evidence shall be counted from the day after the expiration of the announcement period.

(New provisions)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 37 Upon the application of the parties, the people’s court may organize the parties to exchange evidence before the hearing.

The people’s court shall organize the parties to exchange evidence after the expiration of the defense period and before the trial for cases with more evidence or complicated problems.

Article 56 If the people’s court prepares for trial by organizing evidence exchange in accordance with the provisions of Item 4 of Article 133 of the Civil Procedure Law, the time limit for presenting evidence on the day of evidence exchange expires.

The time for evidence exchange may be agreed upon by the parties through consultation and approved by the people’s court, or may be designated by the people’s court. If the parties apply for an extension of proof with the permission of the people’s court, the date of evidence exchange shall be postponed accordingly.

(The original article 38 was revised)

Article 38 The time for exchanging evidence may be agreed by the parties through consultation and approved by the people’s court, or may be designated by the people’s court.

If the people’s court organizes the parties to exchange evidence, the time limit for proof expires on the day of exchange of evidence. If the parties apply for an extension of proof with the permission of the people’s court, the date of evidence exchange shall be postponed accordingly.

Article 57 The exchange of evidence shall be conducted under the auspices of judges.

In the process of evidence exchange, the facts and evidence that the judge has no objection to the parties shall be recorded in the volume; The evidence with objection shall be classified and recorded in the volume according to the facts that need to be proved, and the reasons for objection shall be recorded. Through the exchange of evidence, determine the main issues of dispute between the two parties.

(original article 39)

Article 39 The exchange of evidence shall be conducted under the auspices of judges.

In the process of evidence exchange, the facts and evidence that the judge has no objection to the parties shall be recorded in the volume; The evidence with objection shall be classified and recorded in the volume according to the facts that need to be proved, and the reasons for objection shall be recorded. Through the exchange of evidence, determine the main issues of dispute between the two parties.

Article 58 If a party needs to submit rebuttal evidence after receiving the evidence from the other party, the people’s court shall organize evidence exchange again.

(original article 40 is revised)

Article 40 If a party refutes the evidence exchanged by the other party and presents new evidence, the people’s court shall notify the party to exchange it at a specified time.

The exchange of evidence is generally not more than two times. However, in major, difficult and particularly complicated cases, unless the people’s court deems it necessary to exchange evidence again.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 41 "New evidence" as stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 125 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the following situations:

(1) The new evidence in the procedure of first instance includes: the evidence newly discovered by the parties after the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence in the first instance; Evidence that the parties are unable to provide within the time limit for adducing evidence due to objective reasons, but are still unable to provide within the extended time limit with the permission of the people’s court;

(2) The new evidence in the procedure of second instance includes: the newly discovered evidence after the trial of first instance; Evidence that a party fails to apply to the people’s court for investigation and evidence collection before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence in the first instance, and that the court of second instance considers that it should be allowed after examination, and that the evidence should be taken according to the application of the party concerned.

Article 42 If a party provides new evidence in the procedure of first instance, it shall do so before or during the trial of first instance.

If a person provides new evidence in the procedure of second instance, it shall be presented before or during the trial of second instance; If the second instance does not need to be heard in court, it shall be put forward within the time limit specified by the people’s court.

Article 43 If the evidence provided by a party after the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence is not new, the people’s court shall not accept it.

If a party is allowed by the people’s court to postpone giving evidence, but fails to provide it within the permitted time limit due to objective reasons, and the failure to hear the evidence may lead to obvious injustice of the referee, the evidence provided by the party may be regarded as new evidence.

Article 44 "New evidence" as stipulated in Item (1) of Paragraph 1 of Article 179 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the newly discovered evidence after the trial of the original trial.

If a party provides new evidence in the retrial procedure, it shall do so when applying for retrial.

Article 45 If one party presents new evidence, the people’s court shall notify the other party to put forward opinions or give evidence within a reasonable time.

Article 46 If a case fails to provide evidence within the specified time limit due to the reasons of the parties concerned, and the case is sent back to the people’s court for retrial or revision of the judgment due to the presentation of new evidence during the second trial or retrial, the judgment in the original trial does not belong to the wrong judgment case.

The people’s court shall support one party’s request for the other party to provide new evidence to bear the reasonable expenses such as increased travel, lost work, witnesses appearing in court to testify, litigation and other direct losses.

Article 59 If a people’s court imposes a fine on a party who fails to provide evidence within the time limit, it may determine the amount of the fine in combination with the subjective fault of the party who fails to provide evidence within the time limit, the circumstances that cause the delay in litigation, the amount of the subject matter of litigation, and other factors.

(New provisions)

Fourth, cross-examination

Article 60 Evidence that the parties have expressed cross-examination opinions in the preparatory stage before the trial or in the process of investigation and inquiry by the people’s court shall be regarded as cross-examined evidence.

If a party requests to express cross-examination opinions in writing, the people’s court may grant it if it deems it necessary after listening to the opinions of the other party. The people’s court shall promptly send the written cross-examination opinions to the other party.

(The original forty-seventh amendment)

Article 47 Evidence shall be presented in court and cross-examined by the parties concerned. Evidence that has not been cross-examined cannot be used as a basis for determining the facts of a case.

The evidence recognized and recorded by the parties in the process of evidence exchange can be used as the basis for determining the facts of the case after being explained by the judges in the trial.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 48 Evidence involving state secrets, business secrets and personal privacy or other evidence that should be kept confidential as prescribed by law shall not be publicly cross-examined during the court session.

Article 61 When conducting cross-examination of documentary evidence, material evidence and audio-visual materials, the parties concerned shall produce the original or original evidence. Except for one of the following circumstances:

(a) it is indeed difficult to produce the original or the original, and the people’s court allows it to produce a copy or duplicate;

(two) the original or the original no longer exists, but there is evidence to prove that the copy or replica is consistent with the original or the original.

(The original forty-ninth amendment)

Article 49 When conducting cross-examination of documentary evidence, material evidence and audio-visual materials, the parties concerned have the right to demand the production of the original or original evidence. Except for one of the following circumstances:

(a) it is indeed difficult to produce the original or the original, and the people’s court allows it to produce a copy or duplicate;

(two) the original or the original no longer exists, but there is evidence to prove that the copy or replica is consistent with the original or the original.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 50 During cross-examination, the parties concerned should question, explain and refute the authenticity, relevance and legality of the evidence, as well as the probative force of the evidence.

Article 62 Cross-examination shall generally be conducted in the following order:

(a) the plaintiff produces evidence, and the defendant and the third party cross-examine the plaintiff;

(2) The defendant produces evidence, and the plaintiff and the third party conduct cross-examination with the defendant;

(3) The third party produces evidence, and the plaintiff and defendant conduct cross-examination with the third party.

The people’s court shall investigate and collect the evidence according to the application of the parties, and after the judges explain the situation of the investigation and collection of evidence, the party applying shall conduct cross-examination with the other party and the third party.

The people’s court shall investigate and collect evidence according to its functions and powers, and the judges shall explain the investigation and collection of evidence and listen to the opinions of the parties.

(The original fifty-first amendment)

Article 51 Cross-examination shall be conducted in the following order:

(a) the plaintiff produces evidence, and the defendant and the third party cross-examine the plaintiff;

(2) The defendant produces evidence, and the plaintiff and the third party conduct cross-examination with the defendant;

(3) The third party produces evidence, and the plaintiff and defendant conduct cross-examination with the third party.

The evidence collected by the people’s court in accordance with the application of the parties shall be used as the evidence provided by the party making the application.

The evidence collected by the people’s court in accordance with its functions and powers shall be presented at the trial, and the opinions of the parties shall be listened to, and the investigation and collection of the evidence may be explained.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 52 If there are more than two independent claims in a case, the parties may present evidence one by one for cross-examination.

Article 63 The parties shall make a true and complete statement on the facts of the case.

If the statements of the parties are inconsistent with the previous statements, the people’s court shall order them to explain the reasons, and examine and identify them in combination with the litigation capacity, evidence and specific circumstances of the case.

If a party intentionally makes a false statement to obstruct the trial of the people’s court, the people’s court shall, according to the circumstances, impose penalties in accordance with the provisions of Article 111th of the Civil Procedure Law.

(New provisions)

Article 64 If the people’s court deems it necessary, it may require the parties to be present in person to accept inquiries about the relevant facts of the case.

If the people’s court requires the parties to be present for questioning, it shall inform the parties of the time and place of the inquiry and the consequences of refusing to be present.

(New provisions)

Article 65 The people’s court shall order the parties concerned to sign the letter of guarantee and read out the contents of the letter of guarantee before asking.

The letter of guarantee shall state that the statement is true, and there is no concealment, distortion, increase or decrease. If there is any false statement, it shall be punished. The parties concerned shall sign and stamp the letter of guarantee.

If the party concerned cannot read the letter of guarantee for justified reasons, it shall be read and explained by the clerk.

(New provisions)

Article 66 If a party refuses to be present at the scene, sign or read a letter of guarantee or accept an inquiry without justifiable reasons, the people’s court shall judge the truth of the facts to be proved based on the circumstances of the case. If there is no other evidence to prove the facts to be proved, the people’s court shall make a determination against the party concerned.

(New provisions)

Article 67 A person who cannot express his meaning correctly cannot be a witness.

Persons without or with limited capacity for civil conduct whose facts to be proved are suitable for their age, intelligence or mental health may be used as witnesses.

(The original fifty-third amendment)

Article 53 A person who cannot correctly express his will cannot be a witness.

Persons without or with limited capacity for civil conduct whose facts to be proved are suitable for their age, intelligence or mental health may be used as witnesses.

Article 68 The people’s court shall require witnesses to testify in court and accept inquiries from judges and parties. A witness who gives testimony in the preparatory stage before the trial or in the presence of both parties such as the people’s court’s investigation and inquiry shall be regarded as testifying in court.

If both parties agree that the witness will testify in other ways and with the permission of the people’s court, the witness may not testify in court.

The testimony provided in writing by a witness who fails to appear in court without justifiable reasons shall not be used as the basis for ascertaining the facts of the case.

(The original fifty-fifth amendment)

Article 55 A witness shall testify in court and accept questions from the parties concerned.

A witness who attends the statement of testimony when the people’s court organizes the parties to exchange evidence may be regarded as testifying in court.

Article 69 Where a party applies for a witness to testify in court, it shall submit an application to the people’s court before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence.

The application shall specify the name, occupation, residence, contact information of the witness, the main contents of testimony, the relevance of the testimony contents and the facts to be testified, and the necessity of the witness to testify in court.

In accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 96 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the people’s court shall notify the witness to testify in court ex officio.

(New provisions)

Article 70 If a people’s court allows a witness to testify in court, it shall serve a notice on the witness and inform both parties. The notice shall specify the time and place of the witness’s testimony, the matters and requirements of testimony and the legal consequences of perjury.

The people’s court shall not allow the application of a witness to testify in court if the matter for which the party applies has nothing to do with the facts to be proved, or if it is not necessary to inform the witness to testify in court.

(The original fifty-fourth amendment)

Article 54 If a party applies for a witness to testify in court, it shall do so ten days before the expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence and obtain the permission of the people’s court.

If the people’s court approves the application of a party, it shall notify the witness to testify in court before the hearing, and inform him of the legal consequences of truthfully testifying and perjury.

The reasonable expenses incurred by the witness for testifying in court shall be paid in advance by the party providing the witness and borne by the losing party.

Article 71 A people’s court shall require a witness to sign a letter of guarantee before testifying, and read out the contents of the letter of guarantee in court. Except those who have no capacity for civil conduct and those with limited capacity for civil conduct as witnesses.

If the witness cannot read the letter of guarantee for justified reasons, the clerk shall read it and explain it on his behalf.

If a witness refuses to sign or read the letter of guarantee, he shall not testify and bear the relevant expenses.

The contents of the witness guarantee shall be governed by the provisions of the parties’ guarantee.

(New provisions)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 56 The term "witness is unable to appear in court due to real difficulties" as stipulated in Article 70 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the following circumstances:

(1) Being old, weak or unable to appear in court due to mobility difficulties;

(two) the special post is really unable to leave;

(three) the road is particularly long, and it is difficult to appear in court due to inconvenient transportation;

(4) Unable to appear in court due to force majeure such as natural disasters;

(5) Other special circumstances that prevent him from appearing in court.

In the case mentioned in the preceding paragraph, with the permission of the people’s court, a witness may submit written testimony or audio-visual materials or testify by means of two-way audio-visual transmission technology.

Article 72 A witness shall objectively state the facts he personally perceives, and shall not use speculative, inferential or critical language when testifying.

A witness shall not sit in on the court hearing before testifying, and shall not state his testimony by reading the written materials prepared in advance when testifying.

If there are obstacles in the verbal expression of witnesses, they may testify through other expressions.

(The original fifty-seventh amendment)

Article 57 A witness who testifies in court shall objectively state the facts he personally perceives. If the witness is deaf-mute, he can testify in other ways.

A witness shall not use speculative, inferential or critical language when testifying.

Article 73 A witness shall make a continuous statement on the matters he testifies.

If the parties and their legal representatives, agents ad litem or observers interfere with the witness’s statement, the people’s court shall stop it in time and, if necessary, impose penalties in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Civil Procedure Law.

(New provisions)

Article 74 A judge may question a witness. The parties and their agents ad litem may question witnesses with the permission of the judges.

Other witnesses are not allowed to be present when questioning witnesses.

If the people’s court deems it necessary, it may require witnesses to confront each other.

(Article 58 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 58 Judges and parties may question witnesses. Witnesses are not allowed to sit in on court hearings; Other witnesses shall not be present when questioning witnesses. If the people’s court deems it necessary, it may allow witnesses to confront each other.

Article 75 After a witness testifies in court, he may apply to the people’s court to pay the witness’s fees for testifying in court. If a witness has difficulties and needs to withdraw the fee for testifying in court in advance, the people’s court may pay it before testifying in court according to the witness’s application.

(New provisions)

Article 76 If a witness is unable to testify in court due to real difficulties and applies for giving testimony by means of written testimony, audio-visual transmission technology or audio-visual materials, he shall submit an application to the people’s court. The application shall specify the specific reasons for not appearing in court.

The people’s court shall grant permission if the circumstances stipulated in Article 73 of the Civil Procedure Law are met.

(New provisions)

Article 77 A witness who testifies in the form of written testimony with the permission of the people’s court shall sign a letter of guarantee; Whoever testifies by means of audio-visual transmission technology or audio-visual materials shall sign a letter of guarantee and read out the contents of the letter of guarantee.

(New provisions)

Article 78 If the questioning of a witness by a party or his agent ad litem has nothing to do with the facts to be proved, or there are threats, insults to the witness or improper guidance, the judge shall stop it in time. If necessary, it may be punished in accordance with the provisions of Articles 110 and 111 of the Civil Procedure Law.

If a witness intentionally makes a false statement, the participants in the proceedings or others prevent the witness from testifying by violence, threats, bribes, etc., or take revenge on the witness by insulting, slandering, framing, intimidating, beating, etc. after the witness testifies, the people’s court shall punish the actor according to the circumstances and in accordance with the provisions of Article 111 of the Civil Procedure Law.

(New provisions)

Article 79 If an appraiser testifies in court in accordance with Article 78 of the Civil Procedure Law, the people’s court shall notify the appraiser of the time, place and requirements for appearing in court three days before the hearing.

If an agency is entrusted for appraisal, the personnel engaged in appraisal shall appear in court on behalf of the agency.

(New provisions)

Article 80 An appraiser shall truthfully answer the objections of the parties and the inquiries of the judges on the appraisal matters. If it is really difficult to answer in court, with the permission of the people’s court, a written reply can be given after the trial.

The people’s court shall promptly send a written reply to the parties concerned and listen to their opinions. If necessary, cross-examination can be organized again.

(Article 59 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 59 An expert witness shall appear in court to be questioned by the parties concerned.

If the appraiser is really unable to appear in court for special reasons, he may, with the permission of the people’s court, answer the questions of the parties in writing.

Article 81 If an expert refuses to testify in court, the expert opinion shall not be used as the basis for ascertaining the facts of the case. The people’s court shall advise the relevant competent departments or organizations to punish the appraisers who refuse to testify in court.

If a party requests a refund of the appraisal fee, the people’s court shall make a ruling within three days and order the appraiser to return it; Those who refuse to return it shall be executed by the people’s court according to law.

The people’s court shall allow the parties to apply for re-appraisal because the appraiser refuses to testify in court.

(New provisions)

Article 82 With the permission of the court, a party may ask an expert witness or an inspector.

No inappropriate words and methods such as threats and insults shall be used when asking the appraisers and inspectors.

(Article 60 of the old regulations was revised)

Article 60 With the permission of the court, the parties may put questions to witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors.

Questioning witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors shall not use words and methods that threaten, insult or improperly guide witnesses.

Article 83 Where a party applies for a person with specialized knowledge to appear in court in accordance with Article 79 of the Civil Procedure Law and Article 122 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the application shall specify the basic information of the person with specialized knowledge and the purpose of the application.

If the people’s court allows the parties to apply, it shall notify both parties.

Article 84 A judge may question a person with specialized knowledge. With the permission of the court, the parties may ask people with specialized knowledge, and the people with specialized knowledge applied by the parties may confront the relevant issues in the case.

People with specialized knowledge shall not participate in court proceedings other than cross-examination of expert opinions or expressing opinions on professional issues.

(Article 61 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 61 A party may apply to the people’s court for one or two persons with specialized knowledge to appear in court to explain the specialized issues of the case. If the people’s court approves the application, the relevant expenses shall be borne by the party applying.

Judges and parties may question persons with specialized knowledge who appear in court.

With the permission of the people’s court, personnel with specialized knowledge applied by the parties may confront the problems in the case.

Personnel with specialized knowledge can ask the appraiser.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 62 The court shall record the cross-examination of the parties in the record, and the parties shall sign or seal it after checking.

V. Examination and determination of evidence

Article 85 The people’s court shall make a judgment according to law on the basis of the facts of the case that can be proved by evidence.

Judges should comprehensively and objectively examine the evidence in accordance with legal procedures, follow the professional ethics of judges in accordance with the provisions of the law, use logical reasoning and daily life experience to independently judge whether the evidence is probative or not, and make public the reasons and results of the judgment.

(Articles 63 and 64 of the old regulations)

Article 63 The people’s court shall make a judgment according to law on the basis of the facts of the case that can be proved by evidence.

Article 64 A judge shall comprehensively and objectively examine evidence in accordance with legal procedures, follow the professional ethics of judges in accordance with the provisions of the law, use logical reasoning and daily life experience to make an independent judgment on the probative force of evidence, and make public the reasons and results of the judgment.

Article 86 If the parties prove the facts of fraud, coercion or malicious collusion, and prove the facts of oral will or gift, the people’s court is convinced that the possibility of the existence of the facts to be proved can eliminate reasonable doubt, it shall consider that the facts exist.

With regard to the facts related to procedural matters such as litigation preservation and withdrawal, if the people’s court, in combination with the explanations of the parties and relevant evidence, considers that the relevant facts are likely to exist, it may determine that the facts exist.

(New provisions)

Article 87 A judge may examine and determine a single evidence from the following aspects:

(a) whether the evidence is original or not, and whether the duplicates and reproductions are consistent with the originals and originals;

(2) Whether the evidence is relevant to the facts of the case;

(3) Whether the form and source of the evidence comply with the law;

(4) Whether the contents of the evidence are true;

(5) Whether the witness or the person providing evidence has any interest with the party concerned.

(Article 65 of the old rules)

Article 65 A judge may examine and determine a single evidence from the following aspects: (1) Whether the evidence is original or original, and whether the copies and reproductions are consistent with the original or original; (2) Whether the evidence is relevant to the facts of the case; (3) Whether the form and source of the evidence comply with the law; (4) Whether the contents of the evidence are true; (five) whether the witness or the person who provides evidence has any interest with the party concerned.

Article 88 A judge shall comprehensively examine and judge all the evidence of a case from the aspects of the degree of correlation between the evidence and the facts of the case and the connection between the evidence.

(Article 66 of the old regulations)

Article 66 A judge shall comprehensively examine and judge all the evidence of a case from the aspects of the degree of correlation between the evidence and the facts of the case and the connection between the evidence.

Article 89 The people’s court shall confirm the evidence recognized by the parties in the course of litigation. Except as otherwise provided by laws and judicial interpretations.

If a party repents of the recognized evidence, it shall be handled with reference to the provisions of Article 229 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation on the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

(New provisions)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 67 In litigation, the recognition of the facts of the case involved in the compromise made by the parties for the purpose of reaching a mediation agreement or reconciliation shall not be used as evidence against them in subsequent litigation.

Article 68 Evidence obtained by infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of others or violating the prohibitive provisions of law cannot be used as the basis for ascertaining the facts of a case.

Article 90 The following evidence cannot be used alone as the basis for determining the facts of a case:

(a) the statement of the parties;

(2) Testimony made by a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct that is not commensurate with his age, intelligence or mental health;

(3) Testimony of a witness who has an interest in one party or his agent;

(4) Audio-visual materials and electronic data with doubts;

(five) copies and reproductions that cannot be checked with the original and the original.

(Article 69 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 69 The following evidence cannot be used alone as the basis for determining the facts of a case:

(1) Testimonies made by minors that are not commensurate with their age and intellectual status;

(2) Testimony issued by a witness who has an interest relationship with one party or his agent;

(3) Audio-visual materials with doubts;

(four) copies and reproductions that cannot be checked with the original and the original;

(5) Testimony of witnesses who fail to testify in court without justifiable reasons.

Article 91 A copy containing part or all of the contents made by the producer of official documents and documentary evidence according to the original document has the same probative force as the original document.

If a copy, duplicate or abridged version of a document filed in a state organ is certified by the archival department or the organ that made the original as consistent with the original, the copy, duplicate or abridged version shall have the same probative force as the original.

(New provisions)

Article 92 The authenticity of private documentary evidence shall be borne by the party who advocates to prove the facts of the case by private documentary evidence.

A private document certificate is presumed to be authentic if it is signed, sealed or stamped by the producer or his agent.

If there are deletions, alterations, additions or other defects in the private document certificate, the people’s court shall judge its probative force based on the specific circumstances of the case.

(New provisions)

Article 93 The people’s court shall make a comprehensive judgment on the authenticity of electronic data in combination with the following factors:

(1) Whether the hardware and software environment of the computer system on which the generation, storage and transmission of electronic data depend is complete and reliable;

(2) Whether the hardware and software environment of the computer system on which the generation, storage and transmission of electronic data depend is in normal operation, or whether it will affect the generation, storage and transmission of electronic data when it is not in normal operation;

(3) Whether the hardware and software environment of the computer system on which the generation, storage and transmission of electronic data depend has effective monitoring and verification means to prevent errors;

(four) whether the electronic data is completely preserved, transmitted and extracted, and whether the methods of preservation, transmission and extraction are reliable;

(five) whether the electronic data is formed and stored in the normal activities;

(six) whether the subject of saving, transmitting and extracting electronic data is appropriate;

(seven) other factors affecting the integrity and reliability of electronic data.

If the people’s court deems it necessary, it may examine and judge the authenticity of electronic data by means of identification or inspection.

(New provisions)

Article 94 The people’s court may confirm the authenticity of electronic data in any of the following circumstances, unless there is evidence to the contrary sufficient to refute it:

(a) electronic data submitted or kept by the parties to their disadvantage;

(2) Provided or confirmed by a neutral third-party platform for recording and storing electronic data;

(3) Formed in the normal business activities;

(4) kept by means of file management;

(5) preserved, transmitted or extracted in the manner agreed by the parties.

If the contents of electronic data have been notarized by a notary office, the people’s court shall confirm its authenticity, unless there is evidence to the contrary enough to overturn it.

(New provisions)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 70 The people’s court shall confirm the probative force of the following evidence presented by one party if the other party objects to it but there is no evidence to the contrary that can be refuted:

(1) The original documentary evidence or the photocopies, photos, duplicates and excerpts verified with the original documentary evidence;

(two) the original material evidence or copies, photos, video materials, etc. that are verified with the original material evidence;

(3) Audio-visual materials that are corroborated by other evidence and obtained by legal means, or copies that are verified with the audio-visual materials;

(four) a party applies to the people’s court to make a record of the inspection of the physical evidence or the scene in accordance with legal procedures.

Article 71 If the parties to an appraisal conclusion made by an appraisal department entrusted by a people’s court have no evidence and reasons to the contrary, it may be deemed as probative.

Article 72 If the evidence presented by one party is not enough to refute, the people’s court may confirm its probative force.

If one party objects to the evidence presented by one party and the other party rebuts it, the probative force of the rebuttal evidence can be confirmed if the other party approves it.

Article 73 If both parties adduce opposite evidence for the same fact, but there is no sufficient basis to deny the evidence of the other party, the people’s court shall, in light of the circumstances of the case, judge whether the probative force of the evidence provided by one party is obviously greater than that provided by the other party, and confirm the evidence with greater probative force.

If it is difficult to determine the disputed facts because the probative force of the evidence cannot be judged, the people’s court shall make a judgment according to the rules on the allocation of burden of proof.

Article 74 In the course of litigation, the people’s court shall confirm the facts and approved evidence that the parties admit against themselves in the indictment, defense, statement and the attorney’s statement, unless the parties repent and have evidence to the contrary enough to overturn them.

Article 95 If a party refuses to submit evidence under control without justifiable reasons, and the party who bears the burden of proof for the facts to be proved claims that the content of the evidence is not conducive to the controller, the people’s court may hold that the claim is established.

(Article 75 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 75 If there is evidence to prove that one party refuses to provide the evidence without justifiable reasons, if the other party claims that the content of the evidence is not conducive to the evidence holder, it can be presumed that the claim is established.

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 76 If the parties only state their own claims and cannot provide other relevant evidence, their claims will not be supported. Except those approved by the other party.

Article 77 The people’s court may determine the probative force of several evidences on the same fact according to the following principles:

(a) the probative force of official documents and documentary evidence produced by state organs and social organizations according to their functions and powers is generally greater than other documentary evidence;

(2) Physical evidence, archives, expert conclusions, transcripts of inquests or notarized and registered documentary evidence are generally more probative than other documentary evidence, audio-visual materials and witness testimony;

(3) The probative force of the original evidence is generally greater than that of the incoming evidence;

(4) The probative force of direct evidence is generally greater than that of indirect evidence;

(five) the testimony provided by a witness is beneficial to the parties who have relatives or other close relations with him, and its probative force is generally less than that of other witnesses.

Article 96 A people’s court may make a judgment by comprehensively analyzing the intelligence, moral character, knowledge, experience, legal awareness and professional skills of a witness when determining the testimony of a witness.

(Article 78 of the old regulations)

Article 78 A people’s court may make a judgment by comprehensively analyzing the intelligence, moral character, knowledge, experience, legal awareness and professional skills of a witness when determining the testimony of a witness.

Article 97 The people’s court shall state the reasons for the admissibility of evidence in the judgment document.

The reasons for the admissibility of evidence that is uncontroversial to the parties may not be stated in the judgment document.

(Article 79 of the old regulations)

Article 79 The people’s court shall state the reasons for the admissibility of evidence in the judgment document.

The reasons for the admissibility of evidence that is uncontroversial to the parties may not be stated in the judgment document.

VI. Others

Article 98 The lawful rights and interests of witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors shall be protected according to law.

If a party or other litigant participants forge or destroy evidence, provide false evidence, prevent witnesses from testifying, instigate, bribe or coerce others to commit perjury, or take revenge on witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors, they shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Articles 110 and 111 of the Civil Procedure Law.

(Article 80 of the old regulations was revised)

Article 80 The lawful rights and interests of witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors shall be protected according to law.

If a party or other litigant participants forge or destroy evidence, provide false evidence, prevent witnesses from testifying, instigate, bribe or coerce others to commit perjury, or take revenge on witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors, they shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Civil Procedure Law.

Article 99 Where there are no provisions on evidence preservation in these Provisions, reference shall be made to the provisions on property preservation in applicable laws and judicial interpretations.

Except as otherwise provided by laws and judicial interpretations, the provisions on questioning witnesses in these Provisions shall apply to the inquiries of parties, appraisers and people with specialized knowledge; The provisions on documentary evidence apply to audio-visual materials and electronic data; Audio-visual materials stored in electronic media such as electronic computers shall be governed by the provisions of electronic data.

(New provisions)

The new rules have been deleted.

Article 81 The people’s courts shall apply summary procedures to hear cases, and shall not be restricted by the provisions of Article 32, Paragraph 3 of Article 33 and Article 79 of this Interpretation.

Article 82 If the past judicial interpretations of this Court are inconsistent with these Provisions, these Provisions shall prevail.

Article 100th These Provisions shall come into force as of May 1, 2020.

After the promulgation and implementation of these Provisions, if the judicial interpretation previously issued by the Supreme People’s Court is inconsistent with these Provisions, it will no longer apply.

(Article 83 of the old regulations is revised)

Article 83 These Provisions shall come into force as of April 1, 2002. These provisions shall not apply to civil cases of first instance, second instance and retrial that have not been concluded on April 1, 2002.

The people’s court shall not support a civil case that has been tried before the implementation of these Provisions, and the parties apply for retrial on the grounds of violating these Provisions.

These Provisions shall apply to the retrial of civil cases accepted after the implementation of these Provisions, which are tried by the people’s court in accordance with the provisions of Article 186 of the Civil Procedure Law.

Source: those things about legal persons

Original title: "At a glance! Comparison table of new and old provisions of the Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedure (implemented on May 1, 2020).

　　This report is made in accordance with the provisions of Article 50 of the Regulations of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on the Openness of Government Information.

　　I. General situation

　　In 2019, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the "Municipal Science and Technology Commission"), under the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, thoroughly implemented the series of arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on comprehensively promoting the openness of government affairs, closely focused on the work of the municipal party committee and municipal government center, and made great efforts to do key tasks such as voluntary disclosure of government information, disclosure by application, platform construction, etc., and actively met the government information needs of the public, especially all kinds of innovative subjects, in order to deepen the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform in the field of science and technology and optimize the environment

　　(a) take the initiative to disclose the situation

　　First, give full play to the role of the government website as a window for government affairs disclosure. In 2019, 1,028 pieces of government information were voluntarily disclosed, all of which were published through the government website of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission. The second is to adhere to the synchronization of policy formulation and interpretation. Within three working days after the release of major policies led by the Municipal Science and Technology Commission, digital, graphic, audio and video methods are used for visual and popular interpretation. The third is to continuously standardize the service information, set up a unified service entrance on the government website, and update the information such as the catalogue of government service items and service guidelines in time. The fourth is to further improve the interactive communication service, and understand public opinion, gather people’s wisdom and respond to people’s voices by conducting online interviews on government websites, holding press conferences, and organizing special government open days on "scientific and technological innovation".

　　(two) according to the application for public handling.

　　First, the government information disclosure guide of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission was revised, and the basic information such as office address and telephone number was updated in combination with the new office pattern that the Municipal Science and Technology Commission moved to the sub-center of the city. At the same time, for the convenience of the public, the government information disclosure acceptance office was set up in the main city to better provide government information disclosure services. The second is to smooth the application channels for information disclosure and standardize the acceptance, handling and reply. In 2019, the Municipal Science and Technology Commission received 21 applications for government information disclosure, including 9 applications for web pages, 6 applications for letters, 3 applications for emails, 2 applications in person and 1 application for faxes. The Municipal Science and Technology Commission accepted 22 applications for government information disclosure (including one carried forward from the previous year), completed 20 applications, and another 2 applications were answered in January 2020 according to the time limit for reply.

　　(three) the standardization and management of government information resources.

　　First, the Municipal Science and Technology Commission issued a full list of voluntary disclosure of government information, made clear the contents, time limits and forms of voluntary disclosure of 159 business matters, and formed a set of standard catalogues of government affairs disclosure. The second is to implement the publicity system of administrative law enforcement, and publicize the basic information such as the information of law enforcement subjects and personnel, responsibilities and authority, law enforcement basis, and dynamic information such as administrative license, administrative inspection and administrative punishment in columns to improve the transparency of administrative law enforcement. The third is to continuously standardize the approval process of government website information release, and combine content review with confidentiality review to ensure the accuracy and authority of information release. The fourth is to establish and improve the review mechanism of normative documents, do a good job in reviewing the openness of documents, whether it involves fair competition, legality, etc., and submit normative documents to the editorial department of the municipal government gazette in a timely manner.

　　(four) the construction of government information disclosure platform

　　First, strengthen the construction of the information disclosure platform of the government website, set up a first-level column "Government Affairs Disclosure", which consists of six second-level columns (institutional information, notices and announcements, policies and regulations, planning plans, news centers and special columns) to disclose the relevant information of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission in the process of performing administrative functions in real time. Second, make good use of new government media, further enhance the influence of "National Science and Technology Innovation Center" WeChat WeChat official account and "Science and Technology Beijing" Weibo, and timely convey the significant progress and achievements in the construction of the National Science and Technology Innovation Center.

　　(five) the supervision and protection of government information disclosure and education and training.

　　Improve the working mechanism of open government affairs, and constantly improve the liaison team of open government affairs of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission. Special training was conducted around the newly revised interpretation of the regulations on government information disclosure and case analysis of government information disclosure litigation, and nearly 200 people participated in the training, continuously improving the information disclosure business ability of the whole Committee system.

　　Second, the initiative to disclose government information

　　Iii. Receiving and handling applications for government information disclosure

　　Four, the government information disclosure of administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation.

　　Five, the main problems and improvement of government information disclosure work.

　　Compared with the deployment requirements of this Municipality on government affairs disclosure and the new situation and new requirements for the construction of national science and technology innovation centers, there is still a gap in the government information disclosure work of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the Regulations on Government Information Disclosure in People’s Republic of China (PRC), which came into effect on May 15, 2019, put forward higher requirements for the breadth and depth of government information disclosure, and the government information disclosure content of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission needs to be enriched to continuously meet the needs of the public, especially the innovation subjects. Second, in the process of accepting the application for disclosure of government information, some applicants have repeatedly applied to the Municipal Science and Technology Commission for similar information disclosure, or requested to collect, sort out and process government information for them, which effectively occupied administrative resources and affected the normal development of government information disclosure.

　　In view of the above problems, the Municipal Science and Technology Commission has carefully studied and explored effective experiences and practices in the practice of making government affairs public. On the one hand, we will intensify the work of voluntary disclosure, compile the main points and division of tasks of the municipal science and technology commission in 2019, and the relevant responsible departments will conscientiously implement them. At the same time, we will strengthen the openness of decision-making and policy interpretation, solicit opinions extensively around the legislation in the field of science and technology such as the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements and the Measures of Beijing Municipality on Science and Technology Awards, and actively interpret relevant policies to create a good atmosphere for the construction of the national science and technology innovation center. On the other hand, taking into account the interests of all parties, it not only guarantees the public’s right to obtain government information conveniently and reasonably, but also pays attention to protecting state secrets, commercial secrets and personal privacy to ensure the normal development of government information disclosure.

　　Vi. Other matters that need to be reported

　　The website of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission is http://kw.beijing.gov.cn. For more government information, please visit.

[Song Changle/Editor of Titanium Media] Today, at the conference of "Future Forum New Centennial of Human Cognition", Li Yanhong made a keynote speech on "Technological Innovation and Model Innovation". When Li Yanhong came to power, the heart of Titanium Media Xiaobian was excited, because as Li Yanhong’s first public appearance after the Post Bar event, it is very possible to respond to the Post Bar event with this speech.

Judging from the on-site performance, although Li Yanhong took the stage as the first guest speaker, he looked a little tired and his voice was low. In response to the post bar incident, Li Yanhong only alluded to one sentence at the opening:

This week is a very special week for Baidu. Thanks to the concern of friends, we will reflect deeply, hoping to turn the crisis into an opportunity and let Baidu go further with you.

Followed by talking about China’s innovation, of course, I don’t forget to insert Baidu’s hard work from time to time. Li Yanhong said that there are many difficulties to overcome in innovation in China, and the two biggest difficulties are:

In enterprises in China, most of our working languages are still Chinese, which leads to a problem. If the best talents in the world come to China, it is actually very difficult for them to stay here comfortably and for a long time. Because he doesn’t speak the language.

Besides, English in Chinese is generally poor. In fact, people in non-Latin-speaking countries have weaknesses in this area. We have to spend much more time than others to learn what others are born with, which consumes a lot of our time.

In this regard, Li Yanhong said, for example, that outstanding talents from all over the world are willing to go to Silicon Valley if you let them go. He thinks that it is not only the center of global innovation, but also everyone speaks the same language and English. In China, we can’t do this.

For example, like Baidu, we have recruited many people with international backgrounds, such as returnees. When they first entered our company, when they communicated by email, they all wrote in English. After two months, I basically wrote Chinese. This environment is very strong in Chinese, and this culture is very China-like.

He said that the environment in which employees live still makes it difficult for everyone to produce such inclusiveness, and it is difficult to attract the best talents in the world to enter such a culture. Therefore, if we want to become a real innovation-led transition in China, we will face language barriers and cultural barriers.

However, Li Yanhong also mentioned that China has an advantage in innovation, that is, it has the opportunity to try first.

Li Yanhong mentioned that what Baidu is doing now is unmanned vehicles. On the one hand, it needs a lot of technology and innovation, and it takes a long time to invest and work hard, but at the same time, it is also such a thing that will change the existing pattern.

When it comes to driverless cars, he also admits that both Europe and the United States are facing legal, ethical and road disputes.

So how to make China a truly innovative country? Li Yanhong’s answer is: foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. On the one hand, we should make good use of China’s user market; on the other hand, we should make China’s language and cultural defects less obvious.

Li Yanhong finally mentioned that,We like being challenged by others very much. Even if we don’t know each other very well, we can speak frankly about the problems we see. The more we argue, the more progress we make, and the more likely we are to make innovations.

Good morning, everyone. I didn’t expect so many outstanding scientists and entrepreneurs to gather together today when I started to do the future forum a year ago, especially today’s meeting, which was completely full, with 2500 people signing up for the 800-person venue. It really aroused the interest of a lot of people. I’m the first to talk about it today.Everyone knows that this past week has been a very special week for Baidu. Thanks to the concern of friends, we will also reflect deeply, hoping to turn the crisis into an opportunity and let Baidu go further with you.

In fact, today’s forum is very related to the long-term. The theme of the forum is the new century of human cognition. On this occasion, everyone wants to open their minds and think about something longer-term, to discuss the future, to discuss the future of science, to discuss the future of technology, to discuss the future of the country, to discuss the future of the nation, and why so many people are so interested in this matter and long-term things now. I think there is actually a prerequisite, that is, the era we live in today is very different from that of a hundred years ago.

A hundred years ago, China was probably the weakest country in the world, although it was also a big country. Today, we should say that we are in a prosperous time. Only when you are in a prosperous time, will so many people have such a mood and such an ideal to do something long-term for our future generations and for mankind.

So today I want to talk about a topic that I have been thinking about for a long time. How can China’s innovation ability be further improved and how can China, not only a big country, but also an innovative country, have a strong position in the field of global innovation, even a leading position?

I’m thinking, in fact, we have many difficulties to overcome in order to do this. The two biggest difficulties are:

One is language.Language is that every one of us may have this experience, which means that when you are studying, whether in middle school or college, you spend a lot of time learning English. When I was in college, I probably spent about one-third of my time studying English, taking TOEFL and GRE. When I was studying, I was thinking that the world is too unfair. Americans don’t have to learn English, and I don’t have to spend so much time learning a language when I was in college. But we in Chinese, people from non-English-speaking countries, especially non-Latin-speaking countries, all have weaknesses in this respect. We have to spend much more time than others to learn what others are born with, which consumes a lot of our time.

Related to this is culture. Up to today, most of our working languages in enterprises in China are still Chinese, which leads to a problem. If the world’s best talents come to China, it is actually very difficult for them to stay here comfortably and for a long time. Because he doesn’t speak the language.
Our culture in China.

Actually, the second obstacle I mentioned is that our China culture is not so inclusive at present.China is not an immigrant country. Of course, in the past, our population may be too large and controlled, but generally speaking, outstanding talents from all over the world are willing to let him go to Silicon Valley. He thinks that it is not only the center of global innovation, but also everyone speaks the same language and English. In China, we can’t do this.

In fact, it’s not that we haven’t tried. For example, Baidu has recruited many people with international backgrounds, such as returnees. When they first entered our company, they all wrote in English when they communicated by email. After two months, I basically wrote Chinese. This environment is very strong in Chinese, and this culture is very China-like.

Not only enterprises in China, in fact, I know a Japanese enterprise, the largest e-commerce company in Japan, called Lotte. His founder made a similar observation, so he forced all employees of Lotte to use English as their working language. However, I see that the effect is not particularly obvious. His whole culture and the environment in which his employees live still make it difficult for everyone to have this kind of inclusiveness, and it is difficult to attract the best talents in the world to enter such a culture. This is what I see. If we want to become a real innovation and lead the transition, China will face language and cultural obstacles.

At the same time, I also see that we have an advantage in innovation. There are some things that others don’t have, especially in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. I think the reason why China has been able to have such a long and sustained high-speed economic growth is very related to the concept, that is, to try first. Before many things were thought out clearly, our environment and our problem allowed you to try and try and make mistakes, which led to many things being done quickly in China, a building being built quickly, and the high-speed rail being the best and most developed railway transportation system in the world.

Specific to what we are doing now, for example, what Baidu is doing now is unmanned vehicles. On the one hand, it needs a lot of technology and innovation, and it takes a long time to invest and work, but at the same time, it will also change the existing pattern. So we see that there are companies in the United States and companies in Europe are doing this unmanned vehicle.

But we have seen that in these countries, especially in the United States, there are not only technical differences, but also disputes on the road, and there are also many disputes in law and ethics.For example, a question that many people are asking is that when an unmanned vehicle needs to make a choice, walking to the left and killing a child and walking to the right and killing an old man, how do you choose and who is responsible for the result? In our opinion, this argument is of little significance. Even a person can’t make a good judgment. Now we need an unmanned vehicle technology that is still in a very early stage and very infancy to make such a judgment. The requirements for it are too high.

I believe that there will not be so many such requirements in China, which will enable many innovations to have more opportunities for trial and error in China, and we may be at the forefront of innovation in the world.

Therefore, I think China has an advantage in trying first, which is of great value to innovation. Of course, we also have an advantage that the whole world does not have. It is the huge market in China. There are more than 700 million Internet users in China, and our population of more than one billion may be the largest single market in the world. If the population is long ago, it is almost any field, our Internet field and even other traditional industries. When we look at this head, this market is the largest market.

With the largest market, you have many opportunities to try, try and make mistakes and innovate. We have encountered problems that have not been encountered elsewhere. So we should have the opportunity to think first and find a solution first. The generation of solutions is actually the process of innovation.

Therefore, I think that the concept of trying first in the huge market will be two very, very important advantages for China to innovate in the future.

Then, in order to make China a truly innovative country, we shouldOn the one hand, we should develop our strengths and give full play to our advantages in these areas; on the other hand, we should avoid our weaknesses, or make up for our shortcomings in language and culture, so as to make them less obvious.

In fact, I know that there is a project called Yanjing School in Peking University, which is to attract students from all over the world to study in China and Peking University. After graduating from university, they will come here to study for a master’s degree. This major is called China Studies. In fact, it is what they come here to study. I don’t think it is the most critical thing. The most important thing is to say that all the tuition fees are included. In this way, we can attract outstanding talents from all over the world to come to China to get in touch with China’s culture, Chinese and our language when they are very young.

In this way, these people will be given some opportunities to contact if they can make something good in China when they want to enter the field of work. Therefore, in the future, perhaps we entrepreneurs should give more aid to these good universities, so that they can provide good scholarships to foreigners and people from all over the world to study in China. In this way, they will be educated in China, understand the language and culture of China, and have more opportunities to do things here in the future. This is the first thing I think can be made up for.

The second one is actually related to the awards that we will release this afternoon. We will make some scientific awards to reward those innovations made in China and scientific innovations. In this case, I think all kinds of talents will be attracted, which will make everyone feel that being a Science has face, respect and a future. We can do all these things.

Of course, at the cultural level and the language level, we still have a lot to try and imagine. Every entrepreneur here should consider such a problem. Maybe one day China will become such a language, and it may become a much more open culture than it is now. People from all fields and nationalities in the world are willing to come to China and do what they want to do here, so this is what we can do.

What we can do is the so-called cross-border. Today, these people really represent many different fields. People from these different fields communicate and collide together, which also plays a very important role in promoting innovation.

In the past year, the Future Forum held a lot of lectures and closed-door seminars on understanding the future. I also participated in one or two of them. I think it is very good that people from different fields can get together and communicate and argue openly. We like being challenged by others very much. Even if we are not very familiar with each other, we can speak frankly about the problems we see. The more we argue, the more progress we make, and the more likely we are to make innovations.

Therefore, I also hope that today’s future annual meeting will not only bring together outstanding scientists, entrepreneurs and talents in different fields, but more importantly, when we get together, such communication will generate more and more innovations, which will enable China to gradually become a country leading global innovation. Thank you.

　　Beijing, Jan 1 (Xinhua) Question: The 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, what are the national events this year?

　　Reporter: Leng Yuyang, Zhang Ni, Li Jinlei

　　Today is New Year’s Day in 2019, and everything is renewed. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, and it is also a crucial year for building a well-off society in an all-round way, including the second Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum, the implementation of the new tax law, and a series of national events and people’s livelihood concerns, which make the new year highly anticipated.

　　On December 29, 2018, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, primary school students held a message of "Welcome New Year" to welcome the arrival of the New Year. Photo by Meng Delong

　　These time nodes are critical!

　　&mdash; &mdash; 70th anniversary of the founding of New China.

　　After commemorating the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, this year will mark the 70th anniversary of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC).

　　In 70 years, China has become the second largest economy in the world from a poor and weak country, and the historic leap of comprehensive national strength has attracted worldwide attention.

　　The new historical coordinates, how China will commemorate the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, and what kind of China voice will be conveyed, have attracted worldwide attention.

　　&mdash; &mdash; 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Navy and Air Force

　　On April 23, 1949, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy was born in Baimamiao Township, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province. On November 11th of the same year, China People’s Liberation Army Air Force Command was established in Beijing.

　　This year, the People’s Navy and Air Force will celebrate their 70th anniversary. After 70 years of tempering, today, the domestic aircraft carrier has completed the sea trial and the J -20 soars in the blue sky &hellip; &hellip; China’s navy and air force are guarding the blue sea and blue sky of the motherland with greater strength.

　　&mdash; &mdash; 100th anniversary of the May 4th Movement

　　This year marks the 100th anniversary of the May 4th Movement.

　　One hundred years ago, May 4th, 1919 was a landmark time in the modern history of China. From that day on, a patriotic movement of the people of China against imperialism and feudalism began. The May 4th Movement also became the turning point of China’s old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution.

　　Data Map: Macau’s St. Paul’s Archway. China News Service reporter Chen Xiaoyuan photo

　　&mdash; &mdash; 20th anniversary of Macao’s return to China

　　"You know Macau is not my real name. I have been away from you for too long &hellip; &hellip;”

　　This year, we will celebrate the 20th anniversary of Macao’s return to the motherland, when the song of the Seven Sons resounds in our ears again.

　　Over the past 20 years, Macao and the motherland have forged ahead together, integrated into the overall situation of national development, and become an important window for exchanges between China and the international community &hellip; &hellip; With the development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the completion of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge last year, Macao will also usher in new opportunities for development.

　　&mdash; &mdash; 40 years of diplomatic relations between China and the United States

　　On January 1, 2019, China and the United States celebrated the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations.

　　Over the past 40 years, the great development of Sino-US relations has far exceeded the expectations of that year. The ups and downs of Sino-American exchanges for 40 years have also given enough lessons and enlightenment.

　　If you combine, it will benefit both sides, but if you fight, it will hurt both sides. Nowadays, whether China-US relations in the "year of no doubt" can break through the fog and move towards win-win cooperation is not only related to the interests of the two peoples, but also will have a far-reaching impact on the international community.

　　Data Map: Photo by Liu Zhen, a reporter from China News Service in the Great Hall of the People

　　These events are very important!

　　&mdash; &mdash; National two sessions in 2019

　　The National People’s Congress held in March every year is called "China Political Season".

　　The National People’s Congress (NPC) and the National People’s Congress (NPC) are important events in China’s political life, and this year’s NPC and CPPCC are also attracting great attention.

　　After the institutional reform, what kind of "report card" will the new government of China, which was established last year, show at the two sessions? How will China plan its work in the crucial year of building a well-off society in an all-round way? It deserves attention.

　　&mdash; &mdash; The Second "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum

　　After a lapse of two years, in April this year, the second "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum will be held in Beijing.

　　On December 11th, 2018, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi mentioned at the opening ceremony of the 2018 Symposium on International Situation and China Diplomacy that the second Belt and Road International Cooperation Summit Forum will be the most important home diplomacy for China in 2019, and also an important symbol of the new stage of building the Belt and Road.

　　Data map: Beijing citizens ride bicycles through the "Silk Road Jinqiao" three-dimensional flower bed in the front square of Beijing National Convention Center. China News Service reporter Sheng Jiapeng photo

　　&mdash; &mdash; The 2nd China International Import Expo

　　The "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum is to connect the world, while China International Import Expo(CIIE) is to open China.

　　In November 2019, the second China International Import Expo will be held in Shanghai again.

　　Sun Chenghai, deputy director of China International Import Expo Bureau, said that the time and place of the second China International Import Expo(CIIE) were the same as the first one, and the layout and scale of the exhibition continued to include the national comprehensive exhibition, enterprise business exhibition and Hongqiao Forum. In addition, the total exhibition area of the second China International Import Expo(CIIE) will exceed that of the first one.

　　&mdash; &mdash; 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition

　　As the highest-level world horticultural exposition in the world, the 2019 China World Horticultural Exposition will be held from April 29th to October 7th, 2019.

　　At present, the Beijing World Expo has set a record for the largest number of international exhibitors in the category A1 World Expo. During the 160-day period, 2,500 cultural activities will be held, including opening ceremony, China Pavilion Day, closing ceremony, national day, honor day, provincial and municipal days, float parade and so on.

　　For tourists at home and abroad, the excitement is not to be missed!

　　Beijing new airport. Photo courtesy of Beijing New Airport Construction Headquarters

　　These big projects are very eye-catching

　　&mdash; &mdash; Beijing new airport completed

　　As another major infrastructure project in China, the new airport will meet the public this year.

　　At present, the name of the new airport has been determined as "Beijing Daxing International Airport", and its main body and supporting projects will be completed and accepted on June 30 this year and put into operation before September 30 this year.

　　With the approaching commissioning time of Beijing New Airport, the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei will also usher in new opportunities.

　　&mdash; &mdash; Chang ‘e V flew to the moon.

　　In December 2018, China successfully launched the Chang ‘e IV probe, which will realize the first soft landing on the back of the moon. This year, the drama of "the Goddess Chang’e flying to the moon" will be staged again.

　　According to the China National Space Administration, China will launch the Chang ‘e-5 lunar probe in 2019, and carry out the mission of sampling and returning to the moon, so as to realize the goal of "returning" in the three steps of "circling, falling and returning" in China’s lunar exploration project.

　　&mdash; &mdash; Beijing-Zhangjia high-speed railway will be completed

　　The Beijing-Zhangjia high-speed railway is expected to be completed and opened to traffic by the end of this year.

　　Beijing-Zhangjia high-speed railway is an important infrastructure project for the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and it is also an important traffic guarantee facility for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.

　　After the completion of the high-speed railway, the passenger travel time between Beijing and Zhangping will be shortened to less than one hour, which is of great significance for helping the Olympic Games, promoting the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and connecting the western region.

　　Data map.

　　These people’s livelihood hotspots should be known!

　　&mdash; &mdash; Implementation of new tax law

　　The new tax law has been fully implemented since January 1, 2019. The tax threshold is raised to 5,000 yuan per month, and no tax will be paid if the monthly income is less than 5,000 yuan.

　　Taxpayers can also enjoy special tax deductions such as children’s education, continuing education, serious illness medical care, housing loan interest or housing rent, and supporting the elderly.

　　These expenses related to people’s livelihood can be deducted before tax, and the individual tax paid by the people will be further reduced, and the income will increase.

　　&mdash; &mdash; Landing of the first e-commerce law

　　The Electronic Commerce Law came into effect on January 1, 2019. This is the first comprehensive law in the field of e-commerce in China.

　　The new law clarifies that e-commerce operators should register as market entities according to law and fulfill their tax obligations according to law. Personal purchasing, Wechat business and other industries will be reshaped. (End)

Once an entrepreneur decides to start his own business, no matter what industry he is engaged in, he must have certain business knowledge and certain management methods in addition to the necessary venture capital, in order to stand out from the cruel business competition and master more initiative in the ever-changing business society. Learning and flexibly using the following 16 aspects of knowledge or skills will make your own entrepreneurial road go further, smoother and easier.

Professional industry skills

This is the basis of starting a business (whether you have been engaged in this industry before or not). If you know nothing about the industry you want to start a business, I advise you to wait for a while and carefully observe and understand it in this field before making a decision. No matter which industry you want to start a business in, the first thing you need is to have a certain understanding of this industry (or be very familiar with it), and to have a certain understanding of the current situation and future development trend of the industry. This is the truth of doing business if you are not familiar with it. If you have certain theoretical knowledge, practical experience, operational skills and contacts in this industry that is about to start a business, you can make a good pre-business plan. Of course, the following knowledge is also very important in starting a business. It is recommended to dabble in it and use it more.

Equity knowledge

Many enterprises were full of enthusiasm at the beginning of their establishment, and everyone was full of enthusiasm. When they encountered any difficulties, everyone could work together to solve them together, and finally let the enterprises go through the most dangerous period of the previous two or three years. In order to expand their operations, the company needs to carry out market financing or share reorganization (or it may be that the enterprise needs financing or other circumstances in case of business crisis). At this time, there may be different ideas and disputes among shareholders. At this time, we discovered that when we started a joint venture, we came together only by the friendship between friends and friends and the beautiful yearning for starting a business. At that time, we didn’t mention (or didn’t expect) to sign a partnership agreement and formulate the relevant shareholder advance and retreat mechanism out of consideration of face and kindness. Even the articles of association were only drafted by the agency that assisted the company to register according to the legal norms, so there was not much practical binding effect without considering the actual situation. It is conceivable that this kind of enterprise will eventually have a serious situation. Therefore, at the beginning of starting a business, entrepreneurs must sign a partnership agreement, define the form of shareholders’ participation, the amount of capital contribution, the time limit for funds to be put in place, the proportion of shares, formulate the financial use and supervision mechanism, the shareholder advance and retreat mechanism, the risk control mechanism, and formulate the articles of association according to the actual situation and needs of the company. Familiarity with and application of equity knowledge will make your enterprise bigger and stronger.

organizational structure

The organizational structure is the overall structure of an enterprise, including the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors, the board of supervisors, the management and the departments, etc. The organizational structure of each enterprise is tailored according to its own needs. It will make the operation of the enterprise more efficient for entrepreneurs to understand and set up the enterprise structure according to the actual needs of the enterprise in the early stage of starting a business.

Strategic Planning

Entrepreneurs should have a clear entrepreneurial direction, always know what they are doing and what they want to do, and formulate a strategic plan for enterprise development for at least one to three years or five years, and formulate short-term and medium-term work objectives and detailed implementation plans according to the enterprise development plan. If an enterprise does not have a practical long-term strategic plan, short-term action goals and implementation plans, it will make enterprise managers run around like headless flies, and the entrepreneurial era of crossing the river by feeling the stones with only a courage and enthusiasm has long since ended. Therefore, in order to succeed in entrepreneurship, enterprises must have clear development plans, goals and implementation rules.

Accounting knowledge

Financial management is an important part of enterprise operation and management, which has certain professionalism. However, as an entrepreneur, co-founder and the highest decision-making core of an enterprise, although you don’t need to master too much professional accounting knowledge, you still need to understand some basic accounting knowledge (such as cash flow statement, income statement, balance sheet and other financial statements). Knowing the actual financial situation of an enterprise at any time can make you more flexible and active in daily decision-making and find professionals who can better meet the needs of the enterprise to serve the enterprise.

Tax knowledge

For enterprises and entrepreneurs (especially entrepreneurs of small and micro enterprises), it is very necessary to know the relevant tax knowledge that is of interest to enterprises. Don’t think that this is just a matter for financial personnel. For hired professional staff, they will only file tax returns according to the process, but not for enterprise decision makers. He can save more funds and ensure the safety of enterprise operation. If the national tax policy can be flexibly grasped and rationally applied, the enterprise can go further and operate more reasonably and legally.

Marketing knowledge

Marketing is one of the skills that entrepreneurs must master. Enterprise product marketing determines the survival time and anti-risk ability of enterprises, and it is also the basis for enterprises to develop. Entrepreneurs must master relevant marketing knowledge and skills, set up marketing teams and train marketing personnel according to the actual situation and development plan of enterprises, fully analyze the market, be familiar with the market, know the customer’s needs, and formulate external marketing plans that highlight product characteristics and meet the company’s interests, market environment and customer’s needs. Formulate the operating norms and learning materials for internal marketers matching the marketing plan, and formulate relevant sales system, commission system, incentive measures, etc.

Logistics knowledge

Modern enterprises will inevitably face a large number of foreign logistics and related goods procurement. The importance of enterprise procurement and logistics management to start-ups is self-evident. Therefore, it is particularly important for entrepreneurs to master the necessary logistics knowledge and procurement knowledge. In the early stage of starting a business, funds are often not abundant, so reasonable procurement and on-demand allocation can alleviate the financial pressure. If you have a certain understanding of logistics enterprises, logistics links, logistics materials and logistics prices, you can make product prices, product packaging, customer commitments and after-sales services.

Computer and network knowledge

Modern enterprise management has been very different from traditional enterprise management. If entrepreneurs or business operators don’t know how to use basic computer and network tools, it is basically impossible to succeed in starting a business (or get twice the result with half the effort), so entrepreneurs must at least master simple computer typing (preferably table making and TTP making), surfing the Internet, sending and receiving emails, QQ, QQ group, WeChat group, Weibo, personal e-banking, WeChat group.

administration management

At the beginning of the business, there are generally not many employees in the company, so the boss (actual controller) is basically in charge of the company’s administrative personnel, or all the so-called offices (relatives or cronies) that have just been established are responsible. This management method is fatal to the enterprise. In the end, if the enterprise can still live, it will basically become a family-owned enterprise. Employees live in the boss’s mood every day, and everyone revolves around the boss. There is no or dare to have independent thinking, and few people are ghosts. Therefore, entrepreneurs must understand the importance of administrative management. No matter how many employees there are, companies must formulate various rules and regulations from the beginning, such as employee discipline, post system, workflow, operational norms, employee incentive system, etc., and strengthen learning and strict implementation, put an end to cronyism and family management, and advocate standardized and institutionalized enterprise construction.

human resources

If an enterprise wants to create a world in competition, talents play a decisive role. How to attract talents, retain talents and make good use of talents is a problem that every entrepreneur and enterprise manager must attach great importance to and think deeply. Many entrepreneurs have been competing with employees since the establishment of the enterprise, complaining that employees are not competent and have poor quality, complaining that talents are difficult to recruit, complaining that employees’ wages are too high to spend, and so on. As a result, there are many ways to default on wages or dismiss employees in various ways and find ways to let employees leave by themselves. As a result, labor relations are tense, employees have no enthusiasm and no sense of belonging, and bosses are busy recruiting and replacing people in batches in complaints, and there are many people who haven’t woken up until the company closes. If an enterprise wants to recruit and retain truly suitable talents, it should strive to create a relaxed, harmonious and harmonious working environment for its employees, formulate a sticky and passionate salary system, performance system, reward mechanism, improve employee welfare and logistics guarantee mechanism, apply for social security and sign a formal employment contract for employees who meet the requirements, etc. The company will manage people with the system, care for them, and retain employees with the working environment and salary and benefits, and employees will naturally repay the enterprise with their work ability and efficiency.

Emotional quotient management

Many times, the entrepreneur’s personal emotional intelligence management, human behavior and emotional control ability determine the ultimate success or failure of the enterprise. Entrepreneurs who are low-key, modest, capable of being a person, have high emotional intelligence, know how to respect others and understand mutual benefit are often popular, cohesive and persuasive, and are like a duck to water in business operations. Entrepreneurs should strengthen the cultivation of personal emotional intelligence and exercise their self-emotional control, understand that harmony makes money, and don’t act on impulse.

honesty and trustworthiness

Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of dealing with people, and it is also the essential factor for entrepreneurs to succeed in starting a business. Only honest and trustworthy people can make real friends. Without friends in business, friends have connections. Connections are the pulse of money, business opportunities and the basis of development and cooperation. Only by adhering to the principle of being honest and trustworthy can we go further. Those century-old shops, famous brands and business giants have all come out in this way.

Focus. Focus.

There are many entrepreneurs who can persist in an industry or enterprise for three years, but few can persist for five, ten or even fifteen years. Entrepreneurs should avoid looking at other mountains while starting a business, trusting or admiring other people’s projects to make more money, and constantly introducing or changing projects will make their business a mess and ruin their original career. For beginners, it is more important to do, love and specialize in one line. Only by concentrating and persisting in doing one thing well can we make some achievements in the field of entrepreneurship we choose.

Time concept

Entrepreneurs should have a strong sense of time, all business operations should be carried out according to the planning and time frame, and they should respect both their own time and others’ time in business contacts. Don’t easily promise time limits for things that are uncertain, but do what they say on time. If they can’t do it, they should communicate with others in advance and provide remedial measures or compensation schemes. Only by being punctual and keeping promises can they get higher benefits and win respect.

social etiquette

For entrepreneurs, it is essential and frequent to participate in various social activities. Accumulating more resources and contacts through social activities will promote personal horizons and increase business opportunities. Before participating in various social activities, you should have a certain understanding and familiarity with some basic social etiquette in the corresponding social scenes (telephone communication, meeting, dining, meeting, gathering, negotiation, activities, etc.). For example, it is best to say your full name when introducing yourself, stand up or smile and nod to others when introducing yourself, don’t cross your legs when sitting, and ask guests to order first when eating. If the guests are not polite, try to order according to everyone’s regional taste (pay the bill in advance as low as possible before the end), avoid packing after meals (except for family dinners), treat people politely and equally regardless of their status, avoid taking photos casually and sending WeChat friends when socializing or dining, don’t pry into other people’s privacy, don’t spread negative news, don’t gossip, don’t drink too much, keep everything in mind when you see through some things, and don’t whisper to others at will to avoid misunderstanding. Don’t care too much about trifles or gossips, learn to be patient and tolerant, be able to bear losses, and don’t haggle over trifles to gain respect and respect from others.

Car See Wan Yixun-The domestic large-scale SUV market occupied by M9 and Ideal L9 has now joined the new showstopper. Deep Blue Auto launched a new flagship SUV-Deep Blue S09. The car is expected to be launched in the first half of 2025, with a starting price of about 350,000 yuan. It is based on the brand-new special electric vehicle platform of Chang ‘an, featuring the extended-range hybrid system and Huawei Gankun ADS3.0 intelligent driving system, and has entered the market competition. At the beginning of the appearance of the new car, it even triggered a craze because the ideal party was suspected of plagiarism.

As a large SUV that does not emphasize sports, this deep blue began to focus on business and family camps.

The design of Deep Blue S09 is a long, narrow, simple and large SUV style, which is different from the sports attributes of the previous Deep Blue car. The new car is aimed at the business and home markets. In the front face, the enclosed front grille is rounded, and the upper penetrating light strips are connected with the LED headlight groups on both sides. This layout is similar to the design of some existing models while ensuring a certain degree of recognition, but the internal structural design of the light group and the connection with the surrounding lines have their own characteristics, such as the arrangement of light-emitting units inside the light group and the details of the transition with the edge lines of the front grille. The lower enclosure adopts segmented design and presents N-shaped shape, which increases the sense of layering and movement in vision to a certain extent.

The side of the car body presents a relatively square box outline, which makes the interior space of the car better guaranteed in theory. The ultra-high ground clearance gives the vehicle a certain passability advantage. Its Dover aluminum alloy wheels add some business flavor to the car body, but this style is also common in medium and large SUVs of the same type.

The body size of Deep Blue S09 reaches 5205mm long, 1996mm wide, 1800mm high, and the wheelbase is 3105mm, which creates a spacious space environment for the car. The six-seat layout has certain adaptability for family multi-person travel and business reception scenes. However, when large-size car bodies are driving in cities, especially in narrow streets and areas with tight parking spaces, they will face the problems of inconvenient traffic and difficult parking. Moreover, the actual use efficiency of the interior space, such as the flexibility of seats, the convenience of storage space and the comfort of each seat, needs to be felt and judged by consumers in actual experience, and the absolute advantage of its spatial layout cannot be judged only from the size data.

The Deep Blue Super Extended Range 2.0 technology carried by Deep Blue S09 is equipped with the new Blue Whale HE1.5T ultra-high pressure direct injection hybrid engine, with the maximum power of 110kW. The dual-motor four-wheel drive system makes the total motor power reach 362kW, and the pure battery life is available in 170km and 180km versions. It shows certain competitiveness in power data, and the pure battery life can meet daily short-distance travel when commuting in cities, reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. When driving long distances, the extended range system can alleviate endurance anxiety. However, in the field of hybrid technology, compared with some mature brands, more practical driving tests and market feedback are needed to verify the ride comfort, energy consumption optimization under different working conditions and the reliability of long-term use. For example, noise control after engine intervention at high speed, smoothness of power connection and fluctuation of fuel consumption under comprehensive road conditions are all important factors to measure the quality of its power system.

In terms of intelligent configuration, Deep Blue S09 is equipped with a multi-sensor system composed of laser radar, millimeter wave radar, panoramic camera and ultrasonic radar, which can theoretically provide multi-directional guarantee for driving safety. If Huawei Gankun intelligent driving system can be equipped, it will have high intelligent driving potential. For example, the high-speed automatic driving assistance function can reduce the fatigue of long-distance driving, and the urban intelligent driving function can help to cope with complex road conditions, but the intelligent driving system has not yet been determined.

Deep Blue S09 is priced at 350,000 yuan, facing the competition in the high-end new energy SUV market. In Changan Deep Blue brand, Deep Blue S07 has a certain market sales base, which provides some brand and market experience support for Deep Blue S09. Deep Blue S09 is the main price advantage in the competition with the M9 and ideal L9 models, but after bidding farewell to the sports camp, it seems that Deep Blue S09 has no unique and special brand imprint, and the models lack bright spots and differentiation. Ask the world to focus on the cockpit and intelligent driving, and ideally focus on the back row and family. What kind of housekeeping skills does S09 have? More car news needs to be released. If Deep Blue S09 wants to break through, it must accurately tap the differentiated selling points of its own products, such as in-depth development and optimization of intelligent driving function, balanced innovation of power system and energy consumption management, flexibility and comfort improvement of interior space, and at the same time, strengthen brand promotion and customer service system construction, and enhance consumers’ sense of identity and belonging to Deep Blue brand, so as to gain a place in the highly competitive high-end new energy SUV market.